Samar da hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki mai ɗorewa yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen wannan ƙarni. Yankunan bincike a cikin kayan tattara makamashi sun samo asali ne daga wannan dalili, gami da thermoelectric1, photovoltaic2 da thermophotovoltaics3. Duk da cewa ba mu da kayan aiki da na'urori masu iya tattara makamashi a cikin kewayon Joule, ana ɗaukar kayan pyroelectric waɗanda za su iya canza makamashin lantarki zuwa canjin zafin jiki na lokaci-lokaci ana ɗaukar su firikwensin4 da masu girbi makamashi5,6,7. A nan mun ƙirƙiri macroscopic thermal energy harvester a cikin nau'in ma'aunin capacitor mai layuka da yawa wanda aka yi da gram 42 na lead scandium tantalate, yana samar da 11.2 J na makamashin lantarki a kowace zagayowar thermodynamic. Kowane tsarin pyroelectric zai iya samar da yawan makamashin lantarki har zuwa 4.43 J cm-3 a kowace zagaye. Mun kuma nuna cewa irin waɗannan kayayyaki guda biyu masu nauyin 0.3 g sun isa su ci gaba da samar da wutar lantarki ga masu girbin makamashi masu zaman kansu tare da na'urori masu auna zafin jiki da aka haɗa. A ƙarshe, mun nuna cewa ga kewayon zafin jiki na 10 K, waɗannan capacitors masu layuka da yawa za su iya kaiwa 40% ingancin Carnot. Waɗannan halaye sun samo asali ne daga (1) canjin yanayin ferroelectric don ingantaccen aiki, (2) ƙarancin kwararar wutar lantarki don hana asara, da kuma (3) ƙarfin lantarki mai ƙarfi. Waɗannan na'urorin girbin wutar lantarki masu ƙarfi, masu iya daidaitawa da inganci suna sake tunanin samar da wutar lantarki ta thermoelectric.
Idan aka kwatanta da yanayin zafin jiki na sarari da ake buƙata don kayan thermoelectric, tattara makamashi na kayan thermoelectric yana buƙatar zagayowar zafin jiki akan lokaci. Wannan yana nufin zagayowar thermodynamic, wanda aka fi bayyana shi ta hanyar zane-zanen entropy (S)-zazzabi (T). Hoto na 1a yana nuna wani tsari na ST na kayan pyroelectric mara layi (NLP) wanda ke nuna canjin yanayin ferroelectric-paraelectric da filin ke jagoranta a cikin tantalate na lead scandium (PST). Sassan shuɗi da kore na zagayowar akan zane-zanen ST sun yi daidai da makamashin lantarki da aka canza a cikin zagayowar Olson (sassan isothermal guda biyu da isopole biyu). A nan muna la'akari da zagayowar biyu tare da canjin filin lantarki iri ɗaya (filin kunnawa da kashewa) da canjin zafin jiki ΔT, kodayake tare da yanayin zafi daban-daban na farko. Zagayen kore ba ya cikin yankin canjin lokaci kuma don haka yana da ƙaramin yanki fiye da zagayen shuɗi da ke cikin yankin canjin lokaci. A cikin zane-zanen ST, mafi girman yankin, mafi girman kuzarin da aka tattara. Saboda haka, canjin lokaci dole ne ya tattara ƙarin kuzari. Bukatar yin babban zagaye a cikin NLP yayi kama da buƙatar aikace-aikacen lantarki9, 10, 11, 12 inda masu ƙarfin PST multilayer (MLCs) da masu amfani da PVDF suka nuna kyakkyawan aikin juyi a cikin zagayowar 13, 14, 15, 16. Saboda haka, mun gano PST MLCs masu sha'awa don girbin makamashin zafi. An bayyana waɗannan samfuran gaba ɗaya a cikin hanyoyin kuma an siffanta su a cikin ƙarin bayanin kula 1 (scanning electron microscopy), 2 (X-ray diffraction) da 3 (calorimetry).
a, Zane na wani yanki na entropy (S)-zafin jiki (T) tare da kunna da kashe filin lantarki da aka yi amfani da shi ga kayan NLP wanda ke nuna canjin yanayi. Ana nuna zagayen tattara makamashi guda biyu a yankuna biyu na zafin jiki daban-daban. Zagayen shuɗi da kore suna faruwa a ciki da wajen canjin yanayi, bi da bi, kuma suna ƙarewa a yankuna daban-daban na saman. b, zoben DE PST MLC guda biyu, kauri mm 1, wanda aka auna tsakanin 0 da 155 kV cm-1 a 20 °C da 90 °C, bi da bi, da kuma zagayen Olsen masu dacewa. Haruffan ABCD suna nufin yanayi daban-daban a cikin zagayen Olson. AB: An caji MLCs zuwa 155 kV cm-1 a 20 °C. BC: An kiyaye MLC a 155 kV cm-1 kuma an ɗaga zafin jiki zuwa 90 °C. CD: Ana fitar da MLC a 90 °C. DA: An sanyaya MLC zuwa 20 °C a cikin filin sifili. Yankin shuɗi ya yi daidai da ƙarfin shigarwar da ake buƙata don fara zagayen. Yankin lemu shine makamashin da aka tattara a cikin zagayen yanayi ɗaya. c, saman panel, ƙarfin lantarki (baƙi) da na yanzu (ja) idan aka kwatanta da lokaci, an bi diddigin su a lokacin zagayowar Olson iri ɗaya kamar b. Abubuwan da aka saka guda biyu suna wakiltar haɓaka ƙarfin lantarki da na yanzu a mahimman wurare a cikin zagayowar. A cikin ƙananan panel, lanƙwasa rawaya da kore suna wakiltar lanƙwasa masu dacewa da zafin jiki da makamashi, bi da bi, don MLC mai kauri mm 1. Ana ƙididdige makamashi daga lanƙwasa na yanzu da na wutar lantarki a saman panel. Makamashi mara kyau ya dace da makamashin da aka tattara. Matakan da suka dace da manyan haruffa a cikin lambobi huɗu iri ɗaya ne da na zagayowar Olson. Zagayen AB'CD ya dace da zagayowar Stirling (ƙarin bayanin kula 7).
inda E da D su ne filin lantarki da filin canja wurin lantarki, bi da bi. Ana iya samun Nd kai tsaye daga da'irar DE (Hoto na 1b) ko kuma kai tsaye ta hanyar fara zagayowar thermodynamic. Olsen ya bayyana hanyoyin da suka fi amfani a cikin aikinsa na farko kan tattara makamashin pyroelectric a shekarun 1980s17.
A kan hoto na 1b, yana nuna madaukai biyu na monopolar DE na samfuran PST-MLC masu kauri mm 1 da aka haɗa a 20 °C da 90 °C, bi da bi, a kan kewayon 0 zuwa 155 kV cm-1 (600 V). Ana iya amfani da waɗannan zagaye biyu don ƙididdige kuzarin da aka tattara ta hanyar zagayowar Olson da aka nuna a Hoto na 1a. A zahiri, zagayowar Olsen ta ƙunshi rassan isofield guda biyu (a nan, sifili a cikin reshen DA da 155 kV cm-1 a cikin reshen BC) da rassan isothermal guda biyu (a nan, 20°C da 20°C a cikin reshen AB). C a cikin reshen CD) Ƙarfin da aka tattara a lokacin zagayowar ya yi daidai da yankunan orange da shuɗi (EdD integral). Ƙarfin da aka tattara Nd shine bambanci tsakanin kuzarin shigarwa da fitarwa, watau kawai yankin orange a cikin hoto na 1b. Wannan takamaiman zagayen Olson yana ba da yawan kuzarin Nd na 1.78 J cm-3. Zagayen Stirling madadin zagayowar Olson ne (Bayani na Ƙarin Bayani na 7). Saboda matakin caji mai ɗorewa (buɗewar da'ira) yana da sauƙin isa, yawan kuzarin da aka samo daga Hoto na 1b (zagaye AB'CD) ya kai 1.25 J cm-3. Wannan kashi 70% ne kawai na abin da zagaye na Olson zai iya tattarawa, amma kayan aikin girbi masu sauƙi ne ke yin sa.
Bugu da ƙari, mun auna kuzarin da aka tara kai tsaye a lokacin zagayowar Olson ta hanyar ƙarfafa PST MLC ta amfani da matakin sarrafa zafin jiki na Linkam da kuma ma'aunin tushe (hanyar). Hoto na 1c a sama da kuma a cikin saitunan da suka dace yana nuna halin yanzu (ja) da ƙarfin lantarki (baƙi) da aka tattara akan MLC mai kauri 1 mm kamar yadda madaurin DE ke tafiya ta cikin zagayowar Olson iri ɗaya. Halin yanzu da ƙarfin lantarki suna ba da damar ƙididdige kuzarin da aka tattara, kuma an nuna lanƙwasa a cikin hoto na 1c, ƙasa (kore) da zafin jiki (rawaya) a duk tsawon zagayowar. Haruffan ABCD suna wakiltar zagayowar Olson iri ɗaya a cikin Hoto na 1. Cajin MLC yana faruwa ne a lokacin ƙafar AB kuma ana gudanar da shi a ƙaramin wutar lantarki (200 µA), don haka SourceMeter na iya sarrafa caji yadda ya kamata. Sakamakon wannan yanayin farko na yau da kullun shine cewa lanƙwasa ƙarfin lantarki (lanƙwasa baƙi) ba layi ba ne saboda filin ƙaura mara layi D PST (Hoto na 1c, saitin sama). A ƙarshen caji, ana adana 30 mJ na makamashin lantarki a cikin MLC (maki B). Sai MLC ya yi zafi sannan a samar da wutar lantarki mara kyau (sabili da haka wutar lantarki mara kyau) yayin da wutar lantarki ke ci gaba da kasancewa a 600 V. Bayan daƙiƙa 40, lokacin da zafin ya kai matakin 90 °C, an rama wannan wutar lantarki, kodayake samfurin matakin da aka samar a cikin da'irar wutar lantarki ce ta 35 mJ a lokacin wannan isofield (inset na biyu a Hoto na 1c, sama). Sai aka rage ƙarfin lantarki akan MLC (CD reshe), wanda ke haifar da ƙarin aikin lantarki 60 mJ. Jimlar kuzarin fitarwa shine 95 mJ. Ƙarfin da aka tattara shine bambanci tsakanin kuzarin shigarwa da fitarwa, wanda ke ba da 95 - 30 = 65 mJ. Wannan yayi daidai da yawan kuzari na 1.84 J cm-3, wanda yake kusa da Nd da aka fitar daga zoben DE. An gwada sake haifar da wannan zagayowar Olson sosai (Bayani na Ƙarin Bayani na 4). Ta hanyar ƙara ƙarfin lantarki da zafin jiki, mun cimma 4.43 J cm-3 ta amfani da zagayawan Olsen a cikin kauri na PST MLC na 0.5 mm akan kewayon zafin jiki na 750 V (195 kV cm-1) da 175 °C (Bayani na Ƙarin Bayani na 5). Wannan ya ninka mafi kyawun aikin da aka ruwaito a cikin wallafe-wallafen zagayawan Olson kai tsaye sau huɗu kuma an samo shi akan siraran fim na Pb(Mg,Nb)O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) (1.06 J cm-3)18 (cm. Tebur na Ƙarin Bayani na 1 don ƙarin ƙima a cikin wallafe-wallafen). An cimma wannan aikin ne saboda ƙarancin kwararar iskar gas na waɗannan MLCs (<10−7 A a 750 V da 180 °C, duba cikakkun bayanai a cikin Ƙarin Bayani na 6) - wani muhimmin batu da Smith et al.19 suka ambata - sabanin kayan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin binciken da ya gabata17,20. An cimma wannan aikin ne saboda ƙarancin kwararar iskar gas na waɗannan MLCs (<10−7 A a 750 V da 180 °C, duba cikakkun bayanai a cikin Ƙarin Bayani na 6) - wani muhimmin batu da Smith et al.19 suka ambata - sabanin kayan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin binciken da ya gabata17,20. Wannan nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i) 750. в дополнительном примечании 6) - критический момент, упомянутый Смитом и др. 19 — в отличие от к материалам, использованным в более ранних исследованиях17,20. An cimma waɗannan halaye ne saboda ƙarancin kwararar iskar gas na waɗannan MLCs (<10–7 A a 750 V da 180 °C, duba Ƙarin Bayani na 6 don ƙarin bayani) - wani muhimmin batu da Smith et al. 19 suka ambata - sabanin kayan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin binciken da ya gabata17,20.MLC等人19 提到的关键点——相比之下，已经达到了这种性能到早期研究中使用的材中使用的材：1。mlc 的 泄漏 非常 （在 在 在 750 V 和 180 ° C 时 <10-7 A ，信息））））） - 等 人 19 提到 关键 关键 点 相比之下相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下，已经达到了这种性能到早期研究中使用的材料17.20。 Поскольку ток утчки этих MLC кочень низky (<10–7 А 750 В и 180°C ключевой момент, упомянутый Смитом и др. 19 - dlyya sravnenyya, bыly dostygnutы эty harakteristyki. Tunda kwararar ruwan waɗannan MLCs yana da ƙasa sosai (<10–7 A a 750 V da 180 °C, duba Ƙarin Bayani na 6 don ƙarin bayani) - wani muhimmin batu da Smith et al. 19 suka ambata - don kwatantawa, an cimma waɗannan ayyukan.ga kayan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin binciken da ya gabata na 17,20.
Irin waɗannan yanayi (600 V, 20–90 °C) da aka yi amfani da su a zagayowar Stirling (Bayanin Ƙarin Bayani na 7). Kamar yadda aka zata daga sakamakon zagayowar DE, yawan amfanin ƙasa ya kasance 41.0 mJ. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi burgewa na zagayowar Stirling shine ikonsu na ƙara ƙarfin lantarki na farko ta hanyar tasirin thermoelectric. Mun lura da ƙaruwar ƙarfin lantarki har zuwa 39 (daga ƙarfin lantarki na farko na 15 V zuwa ƙarfin lantarki na ƙarshe har zuwa 590 V, duba Ƙarin Hoto na 7.2).
Wani abin da ya bambanta waɗannan MLCs shi ne cewa su abubuwa ne masu kama da macroscopic waɗanda suka isa su tattara makamashi a cikin kewayon joule. Saboda haka, mun gina na'urar harba samfuri (HARV1) ta amfani da 28 MLC PST mai kauri mm 1, bin tsarin farantin layi ɗaya da Torello et al.14 suka bayyana, a cikin matrix mai lamba 7×4 kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto. Ruwan dielectric mai ɗauke da zafi a cikin manifold yana motsawa ta hanyar famfon peristaltic tsakanin tafkuna biyu inda zafin ruwan yake ci gaba da kasancewa akai-akai (hanyar). Tattara har zuwa 3.1 J ta amfani da zagayowar Olson da aka bayyana a cikin Hoto na 2a, yankunan isothermal a 10°C da 125°C da yankunan isofield a 0 da 750 V (195 kV cm-1). Wannan ya yi daidai da yawan kuzari na 3.14 J cm-3. Ta amfani da wannan haɗin, an ɗauki ma'auni a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban (Hoto na 2b). Lura cewa an sami 1.8 J a kan yanayin zafi na 80 °C da kuma ƙarfin lantarki na 600 V (155 kV cm-1). Wannan ya yi daidai da 65 mJ da aka ambata a baya don PST MLC mai kauri mm 1 a ƙarƙashin irin wannan yanayi (28 × 65 = 1820 mJ).
a, Saitin gwaji na samfurin HARV1 da aka haɗa bisa ga PSTs 28 na MLC PSTs mai kauri mm 1 (layi 4 × ginshiƙai 7) waɗanda ke gudana akan zagayowar Olson. Ga kowane mataki na zagaye huɗu, ana samar da zafin jiki da ƙarfin lantarki a cikin samfurin. Kwamfutar tana tuƙa famfon peristaltic wanda ke yaɗa ruwan dielectric tsakanin ma'ajiyar sanyi da zafi, bawuloli biyu, da tushen wuta. Kwamfutar kuma tana amfani da thermocouples don tattara bayanai kan ƙarfin lantarki da wutar lantarki da aka samar wa samfurin da zafin jiki na haɗuwa daga samar da wutar lantarki. b, Makamashi (launi) da samfurin MLC ɗinmu mai 4×7 ya tattara idan aka kwatanta da kewayon zafin jiki (axis X) da ƙarfin lantarki (axis Y) a cikin gwaje-gwaje daban-daban.
Wani babban sigar harvester (HARV2) mai kauri 60 na PST MLC mai kauri 1 mm da kauri 160 na PST MLC mai 0.5 mm (41.7 g na kayan pyroelectric masu aiki) ya ba da 11.2 J (Bayani na Ƙarin Bayani na 8). A shekarar 1984, Olsen ya yi harvester mai amfani da makamashi bisa ga 317 g na mahaɗin Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 mai tin-doped wanda zai iya samar da wutar lantarki 6.23 J a zafin jiki na kimanin 150 °C (duba 21). Don wannan haɗin, wannan shine kawai ƙimar da ake samu a cikin kewayon joule. Ya sami fiye da rabin ƙimar da muka cimma kuma kusan sau bakwai na ingancin. Wannan yana nufin cewa yawan kuzarin HARV2 ya ninka sau 13.
Lokacin zagayowar HARV1 shine daƙiƙa 57. Wannan ya samar da wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin 54 mW tare da layuka 4 na ginshiƙai 7 na saitin MLC mai kauri mm 1. Don ɗaukar mataki ɗaya gaba, mun gina haɗakarwa ta uku (HARV3) tare da kauri PST MLC mai kauri mm 0.5 da kuma irin wannan saitin zuwa HARV1 da HARV2 (Bayanin Ƙarin Bayani na 9). Mun auna lokacin dumama na daƙiƙa 12.5. Wannan ya yi daidai da lokacin zagayowar na daƙiƙa 25 (Bayanin Ƙarin Bayani na 9). Ƙarfin da aka tattara (47 mJ) yana ba da wutar lantarki ta 1.95 mW a kowace MLC, wanda hakan ke ba mu damar tunanin cewa HARV2 yana samar da 0.55 W (kimanin 1.95 mW × 280 PST MLC mai kauri mm 0.5). Bugu da ƙari, mun kwaikwayi canja wurin zafi ta amfani da Kwaikwayon Finite Element (COMSOL, Ƙarin Bayani na 10 da Teburin Ƙarin Bayani na 2–4) wanda ya dace da gwaje-gwajen HARV1. Tsarin ƙayyadadden abubuwa ya ba da damar yin hasashen ƙimar iko kusan tsari mai girma mafi girma (430 mW) don adadin ginshiƙan PST iri ɗaya ta hanyar rage MLC zuwa 0.2 mm, amfani da ruwa azaman mai sanyaya iska, da kuma dawo da matrix zuwa layuka 7. × ginshiƙai 4 (ban da , akwai 960 mW lokacin da tankin yake kusa da haɗa, Ƙarin Hoto na 10b).
Domin nuna amfanin wannan mai tarawa, an yi amfani da zagayowar Stirling ga mai nuna haske wanda ya ƙunshi PST MLC guda biyu kauri 0.5 mm kawai a matsayin masu tattara zafi, babban canjin wutar lantarki, ƙaramin canjin wutar lantarki tare da capacitor ajiya, mai canza DC/DC, ƙaramin mai sarrafa wutar lantarki, thermocouples guda biyu da mai canza wutar lantarki (Bayani na Ƙarin Bayani na 11). Da'irar tana buƙatar a fara cajin capacitor na ajiya a 9V sannan a yi aiki da kansa yayin da zafin MLC guda biyu ya kama daga -5°C zuwa 85°C, a nan a cikin zagayowar 160 s (an nuna zagayowar da yawa a cikin Ƙarin Bayani na 11). Abin mamaki, MLC guda biyu masu nauyin 0.3g kawai za su iya sarrafa wannan babban tsarin da kansu. Wani fasali mai ban sha'awa shine cewa mai canza wutar lantarki mai ƙarancin wutar lantarki yana da ikon canza 400V zuwa 10-15V tare da inganci 79% (Bayani na Ƙarin Bayani na 11 da Hoto na Ƙarin Bayani na 11.3).
A ƙarshe, mun kimanta ingancin waɗannan na'urorin MLC wajen canza makamashin zafi zuwa makamashin lantarki. An bayyana ingancin η na inganci a matsayin rabon yawan kuzarin lantarki da aka tattara Nd zuwa yawan zafi da aka samar da Qin (Bayani na Ƙarin Bayani na 12):
Sifofi 3a,b suna nuna inganci η da ingancin daidaito na zagayowar Olsen, bi da bi, a matsayin aikin kewayon zafin jiki na PST MLC mai kauri 0.5 mm. An bayar da saitin bayanai guda biyu don filin lantarki na 195 kV cm-1. Ingancin \(\this\) ya kai 1.43%, wanda yayi daidai da 18% na ηr. Duk da haka, ga kewayon zafin jiki na 10 K daga 25 °C zuwa 35 °C, ηr ya kai ƙima har zuwa 40% (launi mai shuɗi a Hoto na 3b). Wannan shine sau biyu da aka sani da ƙimar kayan NLP da aka rubuta a cikin fina-finan PMN-PT (ηr = 19%) a cikin kewayon zafin jiki na 10 K da 300 kV cm-1 (Ref. 18). Ba a yi la'akari da kewayon zafin jiki ƙasa da 10 K ba saboda yanayin zafi na PST MLC yana tsakanin 5 da 8 K. Gane tasirin sakamako mai kyau na canjin lokaci akan inganci yana da mahimmanci. A zahiri, mafi kyawun ƙimar η da ηr kusan duk ana samun su ne a zafin farko Ti = 25°C a cikin Hotuna 3a,b. Wannan ya faru ne saboda canjin lokaci na kusa lokacin da ba a yi amfani da filin ba kuma zafin jiki na Curie TC yana kusa da 20°C a cikin waɗannan MLCs (Bayanin ƙarin bayani na 13).
a,b, inganci η da kuma daidaiton daidaiton zagayowar Olson (a)\({\eta }_{{\rm{r}}}=\eta /{\eta}_{{\rm{Carnot}} don matsakaicin wutar lantarki ta filin 195 kV cm-1 da yanayin zafi daban-daban na farko Ti, }}\,\)(b) don MPC PST mai kauri mm 0.5, ya danganta da tazara zafin ΔTspan.
Abin lura na ƙarshe yana da muhimman abubuwa guda biyu: (1) dole ne a fara duk wani ingantaccen zagaye a yanayin zafi sama da TC domin canjin yanayi da filin ya haifar (daga paraelectric zuwa ferroelectric) ya faru; (2) waɗannan kayan sun fi inganci a lokutan gudu kusa da TC. Duk da cewa an nuna inganci mai girma a cikin gwaje-gwajenmu, iyakataccen kewayon zafin jiki baya ba mu damar cimma manyan inganci saboda iyakar Carnot (\(\Delta T/T\)). Duk da haka, ingantaccen inganci da waɗannan PST MLCs suka nuna ya tabbatar da Olsen lokacin da ya ambaci cewa "motar thermoelectric mai sake farfadowa ta aji 20 mai kyau wacce ke aiki a yanayin zafi tsakanin 50 °C da 250 °C na iya samun inganci na 30%"17. Don isa ga waɗannan dabi'u da gwada ra'ayin, zai zama da amfani a yi amfani da PSTs masu allura tare da TCs daban-daban, kamar yadda Shebanov da Borman suka yi nazari a kai. Sun nuna cewa TC a cikin PST na iya bambanta daga 3°C (Sb doping) zuwa 33 °C (Ti doping) 22. Saboda haka, muna tsammanin cewa masu sake samar da wutar lantarki na zamani bisa ga PST MLCs ko wasu kayayyaki masu ƙarfi na canjin matakin farko na iya yin gogayya da mafi kyawun masu girbin wutar lantarki.
A cikin wannan binciken, mun binciki MLCs da aka yi daga PST. Waɗannan na'urori sun ƙunshi jerin electrodes na Pt da PST, inda aka haɗa capacitors da yawa a layi ɗaya. An zaɓi PST saboda kayan EC ne mai kyau kuma saboda haka kayan NLP mai yuwuwa mai kyau. Yana nuna canjin yanayin ferroelectric-paraelectric na farko a kusa da 20 °C, yana nuna cewa canje-canjen entropy ɗinsa sun yi kama da waɗanda aka nuna a Hoto na 1. An bayyana irin waɗannan MLCs gaba ɗaya ga na'urorin EC13,14. A cikin wannan binciken, mun yi amfani da MLCs 10.4 × 7.2 × 1 mm³ da 10.4 × 7.2 × 0.5 mm³. An yi MLCs masu kauri na 1 mm da 0.5 mm daga yadudduka 19 da 9 na PST tare da kauri na 38.6 µm, bi da bi. A duka halayen biyu, an sanya Layer na PST na ciki tsakanin electrodes ɗin platinum mai kauri na 2.05 µm. Tsarin waɗannan MLCs yana ɗauka cewa kashi 55% na PSTs suna aiki, wanda ya yi daidai da ɓangaren da ke tsakanin electrodes (Bayanin Ƙarin Bayani na 1). Yankin electrode mai aiki shine 48.7 mm2 (Bayanin Ƙarin Bayani na 5). An shirya MLC PST ta hanyar amsawar mataki mai ƙarfi da hanyar jefa siminti. An bayyana cikakkun bayanai game da tsarin shiri a cikin wani labarin da ya gabata14. Ɗaya daga cikin bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin PST MLC da labarin da ya gabata shine tsarin B-sites, wanda ke shafar aikin EC sosai a cikin PST. Tsarin B-sites na PST MLC shine 0.75 (Bayanin Ƙarin Bayani na 2) wanda aka samu ta hanyar yin sintering a 1400°C sannan kuma a yi annealing na ɗaruruwan sa'o'i a 1000°C. Don ƙarin bayani game da PST MLC, duba Ƙarin Bayani na 1-3 da Ƙarin Bayani na 5.
Babban ra'ayin wannan binciken ya dogara ne akan zagayowar Olson (Hoto na 1). Don irin wannan zagayowar, muna buƙatar wurin ajiyar ruwa mai zafi da sanyi da kuma wutar lantarki mai iya sa ido da sarrafa wutar lantarki da wutar lantarki a cikin nau'ikan MLC daban-daban. Waɗannan zagayen kai tsaye sun yi amfani da tsari guda biyu daban-daban, wato (1) Modules ɗin Linkam suna dumamawa da sanyaya MLC ɗaya da aka haɗa da tushen wutar lantarki na Keithley 2410, da kuma (2) samfura uku (HARV1, HARV2 da HARV3) a layi ɗaya da makamashin tushen iri ɗaya. A cikin yanayin na ƙarshe, an yi amfani da ruwan dielectric (man silicone mai ɗanko na 5 cP a 25°C, wanda aka saya daga Sigma Aldrich) don musayar zafi tsakanin ma'ajiyar biyu (zafi da sanyi) da MLC. Ma'ajiyar ruwan zafi ta ƙunshi akwati na gilashi cike da ruwan dielectric kuma an sanya shi a saman farantin zafi. Ajiya mai sanyi ta ƙunshi wanka na ruwa tare da bututun ruwa waɗanda ke ɗauke da ruwan dielectric a cikin babban akwati na filastik cike da ruwa da kankara. An sanya bawuloli guda biyu masu hanyoyi uku (wanda aka saya daga Bio-Chem Fluidics) a kowane ƙarshen haɗakar don canza ruwa yadda ya kamata daga wani ma'ajiyar ruwa zuwa wani (Hoto na 2a). Don tabbatar da daidaiton zafi tsakanin fakitin PST-MLC da mai sanyaya ruwa, an tsawaita lokacin zagayowar har sai ma'aunin zafi na shiga da fitarwa (kusa da fakitin PST-MLC gwargwadon iyawa) sun nuna irin wannan zafin. Rubutun Python yana sarrafawa da daidaita duk kayan aiki (mita tushe, famfo, bawuloli, da ma'aunin zafi) don gudanar da zagayowar Olson daidai, watau madaurin sanyaya ruwa yana fara zagayawa ta cikin tarin PST bayan an caji mitar tushe don su yi zafi a kan ƙarfin lantarki da ake so don zagayowar Olson da aka bayar.
A madadin haka, mun tabbatar da waɗannan ma'aunin makamashin da aka tattara kai tsaye ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin da ba kai tsaye ba. Waɗannan hanyoyin da ba kai tsaye ba sun dogara ne akan madaukai na filin lantarki (D) - filin lantarki (E) da aka tattara a yanayin zafi daban-daban, kuma ta hanyar ƙididdige yankin da ke tsakanin madaukai biyu na DE, mutum zai iya kimanta daidai adadin kuzarin da za a iya tattarawa, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin hoton. a cikin hoto na 2. .1b. Ana kuma tattara waɗannan madaukai na DE ta amfani da mitoci na tushen Keithley.
An haɗa MLCs na PST guda ashirin da takwas masu kauri mm 1 a cikin tsarin farantin layi huɗu, ginshiƙai bakwai bisa ga ƙirar da aka bayyana a cikin bayanin. 14. Gibin ruwa tsakanin layukan PST-MLC shine 0.75mm. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar ƙara layukan tef mai gefe biyu a matsayin masu raba ruwa a gefunan PST MLC. An haɗa PST MLC ta hanyar lantarki a layi ɗaya da gadar epoxy ta azurfa a cikin hulɗa da jagororin lantarki. Bayan haka, an manne wayoyi da resin epoxy na azurfa a kowane gefen tashoshin lantarki don haɗawa da samar da wutar lantarki. A ƙarshe, saka dukkan tsarin a cikin bututun polyolefin. An manne na ƙarshe a cikin bututun ruwa don tabbatar da hatimin da ya dace. A ƙarshe, an gina thermocouples na nau'in K mai kauri mm 0.25 a kowane ƙarshen tsarin PST-MLC don sa ido kan yanayin ruwan shiga da fita. Don yin wannan, dole ne a fara huda bututun. Bayan shigar da thermocouple, a shafa manne iri ɗaya kamar da tsakanin bututun thermocouple da waya don dawo da hatimin.
An gina samfura takwas daban-daban, huɗu daga cikinsu suna da MLC PSTs mai kauri 40 0.5 mm waɗanda aka rarraba a matsayin faranti masu layi ɗaya tare da ginshiƙai 5 da layuka 8, sauran huɗu kuma suna da MLC PSTs mai kauri 15 mm 1 kowannensu. a cikin tsarin farantin layi ɗaya mai layi ɗaya mai ginshiƙi 3 × layin layi 5. Jimlar adadin PST MLCs da aka yi amfani da su shine 220 (kauri 160 mm 0.5 mm da kauri 60 PST MLC 1 mm). Muna kiran waɗannan ƙananan raka'a guda biyu HARV2_160 da HARV2_60. Gibin ruwa a cikin samfurin HARV2_160 ya ƙunshi tef biyu masu gefe biyu masu kauri 0.25 mm tare da waya mai kauri 0.25 mm a tsakaninsu. Ga samfurin HARV2_60, mun maimaita wannan tsari, amma ta amfani da waya mai kauri 0.38 mm. Don daidaitawa, HARV2_160 da HARV2_60 suna da nasu da'irar ruwa, famfo, bawuloli da gefen sanyi (Bayani na Ƙarin Bayani na 8). Raka'o'in HARV2 guda biyu suna raba wurin ajiyar zafi, akwati mai lita 3 (30 cm x 20 cm x 5 cm) akan faranti biyu masu zafi tare da maganadisu masu juyawa. Duk samfuran guda takwas an haɗa su ta hanyar lantarki a layi ɗaya. Ƙananan raka'o'in HARV2_160 da HARV2_60 suna aiki a lokaci guda a cikin zagayowar Olson wanda ke haifar da girbin makamashi na 11.2 J.
Sanya PST MLC mai kauri 0.5mm a cikin bututun polyolefin tare da tef mai gefe biyu da waya a ɓangarorin biyu don samar da sarari don ruwa ya gudana. Saboda ƙaramin girmansa, an sanya samfurin kusa da bawul ɗin ma'ajiyar ruwa mai zafi ko sanyi, wanda ke rage lokacin zagayowar.
A cikin PST MLC, ana amfani da filin lantarki mai ɗorewa ta hanyar amfani da ƙarfin lantarki mai ɗorewa a reshen dumama. Sakamakon haka, ana samar da wutar lantarki mai ɗorewa kuma ana adana makamashi. Bayan dumama PST MLC, ana cire filin (V = 0), kuma ana mayar da makamashin da aka adana a cikinsa zuwa ga ma'aunin tushe, wanda ya yi daidai da ƙarin gudummawar makamashin da aka tattara. A ƙarshe, idan aka yi amfani da ƙarfin lantarki V = 0, ana sanyaya MLC PSTs zuwa zafinsu na farko don sake farawa. A wannan matakin, ba a tattara makamashi ba. Mun gudanar da zagayen Olsen ta amfani da Keithley 2410 SourceMeter, muna cajin PST MLC daga tushen ƙarfin lantarki kuma muna saita daidaiton halin yanzu zuwa ƙimar da ta dace don a tattara isassun maki a lokacin lokacin caji don ƙididdigar kuzari masu inganci.
A cikin zagayowar Stirling, an caje PST MLCs a yanayin tushen wutar lantarki a ƙimar filin lantarki ta farko (ƙarfin lantarki na farko Vi > 0), wutar lantarki da ake so ta yadda matakin caji zai ɗauki kimanin daƙiƙa 1 (kuma an tattara isassun maki don ƙididdige kuzarin da aka dogara da shi) da zafin sanyi. A cikin zagayowar Stirling, an caje PST MLCs a yanayin tushen wutar lantarki a ƙimar filin lantarki ta farko (ƙarfin lantarki na farko Vi > 0), wutar lantarki da ake so ta yadda matakin caji zai ɗauki kimanin daƙiƙa 1 (kuma an tattara isassun maki don ƙididdige kuzarin da aka dogara da shi) da zafin sanyi. В сиклах Стирлинга PST MLC Vi > 0), zhelaemomom podatlivom toke, tak chto эtap zaryadky zanamaet okolo 1 s nadezhnogo rascheta эnerhya) da kuma holodnaya temmperatura. A cikin zagayowar Stirling PST MLC, an caje su a yanayin tushen wutar lantarki a ƙimar farko ta filin lantarki (ƙarfin lantarki na farko Vi > 0), wutar lantarki da ake so, don haka matakin caji yana ɗaukar kimanin daƙiƙa 1 (kuma ana tattara isassun maki don lissafin kuzari mai inganci) da zafin sanyi.在斯特林循环中， PST MLC 在电压源模式下以初始电场值（初始电压Vi > 0）充电，所需的顺应电流使得充电步骤大约需要1秒（并且收集了足够的点以可靠地计算能量）和低温。 A cikin zagayen farko, ana cajin PST MLC a ƙimar filin lantarki ta farko (ƙarfin lantarki na farko Vi > 0) a cikin yanayin tushen wutar lantarki, don haka wutar lantarki da ake buƙata ta ɗauki kimanin daƙiƙa 1 don matakin caji (kuma mun tattara isassun maki don ƙididdigewa da aminci (makamashi) da ƙarancin zafin jiki. В цикле Стирлинга PST MLC Zaryaжается 0). надежно рассчитать эnergиyyu) da kuma abubuwan da suka dace. A cikin zagayowar Stirling, ana cajin PST MLC a yanayin tushen wutar lantarki tare da ƙimar farko ta filin lantarki (ƙarfin lantarki na farko Vi > 0), ƙarfin bin ƙa'ida da ake buƙata shine matakin caji yana ɗaukar kimanin daƙiƙa 1 (kuma ana tattara isassun maki don ƙididdige kuzarin da aminci) da ƙarancin zafin jiki.Kafin PST MLC ta yi zafi, buɗe da'irar ta hanyar amfani da wutar lantarki mai daidaitawa ta I = 0 mA (mafi ƙarancin wutar lantarki da tushen aunawa zai iya sarrafawa shine 10 nA). Sakamakon haka, caji yana nan a cikin PST na MJK, kuma ƙarfin lantarki yana ƙaruwa yayin da samfurin ke dumama. Babu wani kuzari da aka tattara a hannu BC saboda I = 0 mA. Bayan ya kai babban zafin jiki, ƙarfin lantarki a cikin MLT FT yana ƙaruwa (a wasu lokuta fiye da sau 30, duba ƙarin hoto na 7.2), ana fitar da MLK FT (V = 0), kuma ana adana makamashin lantarki a cikinsu daidai da yadda suke a farkon cajin. Ana mayar da irin wannan daidaiton wutar lantarki zuwa tushen mita. Saboda karuwar ƙarfin lantarki, makamashin da aka adana a babban zafin jiki ya fi wanda aka bayar a farkon zagayowar. Saboda haka, ana samun makamashi ta hanyar canza zafi zuwa wutar lantarki.
Mun yi amfani da Keithley 2410 SourceMeter don sa ido kan ƙarfin lantarki da wutar lantarki da aka yi amfani da su a kan PST MLC. Ana ƙididdige makamashin da ya dace ta hanyar haɗa samfurin ƙarfin lantarki da wutar lantarki da aka karanta ta hanyar mitar tushen Keithley, \ (E = {\int }_{0}^{\tau }{I}_({\rm {meas))}\left(t\ right){V}_{{\rm{meas}}}(t)\), inda τ shine lokacin lokacin. A kan lanƙwasa makamashinmu, ƙimar kuzari mai kyau tana nufin kuzarin da muke da shi don ba wa MLC PST, kuma ƙimar mara kyau tana nufin kuzarin da muke fitarwa daga gare su don haka makamashin da aka karɓa. Ƙarfin dangi na zagayowar tattarawa ana ƙaddara shi ta hanyar raba kuzarin da aka tattara ta hanyar lokacin τ na dukkan zagayowar.
An gabatar da dukkan bayanai a cikin babban rubutu ko a cikin ƙarin bayani. Ya kamata a aika wasiƙu da buƙatun kayan aiki zuwa ga tushen bayanan AT ko ED da aka bayar tare da wannan labarin.
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Muna godiya ga N. Furusawa, Y. Inoue, da K. Honda saboda taimakonsu wajen ƙirƙirar MLC. PL, AT, YN, AA, JL, UP, VK, OB da ED Godiya ga Gidauniyar Bincike ta Ƙasa ta Luxembourg (FNR) don tallafawa wannan aikin ta hanyar CAMELHEAT C17/MS/11703691/Defay, MASSENA PRIDE/15/10935404/Defay- Siebentritt, THERMODIMAT C20/MS/14718071/Defay da BRIDGES2021/MS/16282302/CECOHA/Defay.
Sashen Binciken Kayan Aiki da Fasaha, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Luxembourg (LIST), Belvoir, Luxembourg