Bada tushen tushen wutar lantarki shine ɗayan mahimman kalubalen wannan karni. Yankunan Bincike a cikin girbi na samar da makamashi daga wannan dalili, gami da thermetelectric1, Photovoltaic2 da ThermophotovorctIents3. Dukda cewa mu rage kayan da na'urorin da za su iya girbi samar da makamashi a cikin canje-canjen yanayi na yanayi da kuma kwaragamentan da suka fi so a cikin yanayin yanayi da kuma ƙwanƙwasawa masu ruwa na zazzabi. Anan mun kirkiro da macroscopic macroscopic mai zafi na macroscopic a cikin nau'i mai karfin dumin billila wanda aka sanya daga 42 grams Energylamic sake zagayowar thermodynamic. Kowane medoleclecric na pyroeleclric na iya samar da yawan makamancin wutar lantarki har zuwa 4.43 J CM-3 a kowace sake zagayowar. Mun kuma nuna cewa irin waɗannan kayayyaki biyu masu nauyin 0.3 g sun isa ci gaba da ɗaukar nauyin ƙwanƙamin ruwa mai ɗaukar ƙarfi tare da ɗaukar hoto da na'urorin zazzabi. A ƙarshe, mun nuna cewa don kewayon zafin jiki na 10 k, waɗannan masu ɗaukar nauyin multileal na iya kaiwa ƙarfin kashi 40%. Wadannan kaddarorin suna da (1) canjin lokaci na Ferroelect don ingancin aiki, (2) low Lowarage na yanzu don hana asarar, da (3) harsasai. Wadannan macroscopic, scalle da ingantattun masu bautar Pyroelecleclecorster na Pyroeleclectracters suna sake dawo da karar Thermercricric.
Idan aka kwatanta da yanayin zafin jiki na spatial da ake buƙata don kayan aikin Thermeetclect, kayan makamashi na kayan masarufi na buƙatar zazzabi keke na lokaci. Wannan yana nufin sake zagayowar thermodynamic, wanda yafi dacewa da shi ta hanyar entropy (s) -Tempeates (t) zane. Hoto na 1A yana nuna wani abu na Pyroelectric na rashin daidaituwa na Pyroelection (NLP) yana nuna sauyawa mai wucewa ferroeleclicaukar lokaci-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle (PST). Haske da kore sassan sake zagayowar a cikin St Tashar kuzarin kuɗaɗe a cikin zagayowar wutar lantarki a cikin zagayowar Olson (ɗayan ɓangaren biyu da sassan biyu ne da sassan biyu. Anan munyi la'akari da hawan keke biyu tare da canjin filin lantarki iri ɗaya (filin kuma a kashe) da canjin zazzabi ΔT, Albeit tare da yanayin da farko. Yankin kore bai kasance cikin yankin sauyawa ba kuma ta haka ne yana da yanki mai karami fiye da mai sauƙin sake zagayowar da ke cikin yankin canjin lokaci. A cikin tambarin st zane, mafi girma yankin, mafi girma da aka tattara. Saboda haka, canjin lokaci dole ne ya tattara ƙarin makamashi. Bukatar babban yankin keke a NLP tana kama da buƙatar masu ɗaukar hoto (MLCs) da kuma PVDF-tushen strackers sun nuna kyakkyawan aiki. Halin wasan kwaikwayon a cikin sake zagayawa 13,14,15,16. Saboda haka, mun gano PST MLCs na girbi na girbin makamashi. Waɗannan samfuran an bayyana cikakken bayani a cikin hanyoyin da kuma nuna a cikin ƙarin bayanin kula 1 (bincika microscopy na lantarki), 2 (X-ray rarrabuwar kawuna) da 3 (Calorimetry).
A, zane-zane na entropy (s) na entropy (T) makirci tare da filin lantarki a kan kuma kashewa amfani da kayan NLP da ke nuna sauyin lokaci. Ana nuna hanyoyin tattarawa biyu a cikin yankunan zazzabi biyu daban-daban. Hawan shuɗi da kore suna faruwa a ciki kuma a waje da canjin lokaci, bi da bi, kuma kawo karshen yankuna daban-daban na farfajiya. B, biyu de PST MLC Lings, 1 mm lokacin farin ciki, auna tsakanin 0 da 20 ° C da 90 ° C, bi da bi da su, da dacewa, Olsen na Olsen Olsen. Haruffa abcd suna nufin jihohi daban a cikin zagayen Olson. AB: An tuhumi MLCS zuwa 155 KV CM-1 a 20 ° C. An kiyaye BC: MLC a 155 KV cm-1 kuma an tashe zafin jiki zuwa 90 ° C. CD: MLC ta tsallake a 90 ° C. Da: MLC ya sha zuwa 20 ° C a filin sifili. Yankin Blue yayi daidai da wutar shigarwar da ake buƙata don fara zagayowa. Yankin orange shine ƙarfin da aka tattara a cikin sake zagayowar. C, saman panel, voltage (baki) da na yanzu (ja) a lokacin lokaci (an sa ido a lokacin zagayowar Olson a matsayin B. Abubuwan da aka shigar biyu suna wakiltar amplification na wutar lantarki da na yanzu a cikin maɓalli a cikin zagaye. A cikin ƙananan panel, rawaya da kore suna wakiltar yawan zafin jiki da kuma motocin makamashi, bi da bi, don MLC lokacin farin ciki. Ana kirga makamashi daga halin yanzu da na gogewar lantarki a saman kwamitin. Makamashi mara kyau yayi daidai da kuzarin da aka tattara. Matakan da suka dace da manyan haruffa a cikin lambobin guda hudu iri ɗaya ne kamar yadda a cikin zagayen Olson. Tsarin Absulan Ab'Cd ya yi daidai da zagaye na tuki (ƙarin bayanin kula 7).
inda e da d sune filin lantarki da filin gudun hijira, bi da bi. Za'a iya samun ND a kaikaice daga De da'ira (Fig. 1b) ko kai tsaye ta fara sake zagayowar thermododnamic. Olsen ne ya bayyana hanyoyin da aka fi amfani da su a cikin majagaba akan aikin tattara makamashi a cikin 1980s17.
A kan siffa 1B yana nuna madaukai biyu na 1 mm Plex samfurin da aka haɗa a 20 ° C da 90 ° C, bi da bi da yawa, 600 kV cm-1 (600 v). Wadannan hawan keke guda biyu za a iya amfani da su zuwa ƙaƙƙarfan lasisin kuzarin da aka nuna ta hanyar zagayen da aka nuna a cikin Hoto. In fact, the Olsen cycle consists of two isofield branches (here, zero field in the DA branch and 155 kV cm-1 in the BC branch) and two isothermal branches (here, 20°С and 20°С in the AB branch). C A cikin reshe na CD) An tattara makamashin yayin sake fasalin ya yi daidai da yankuna masu ruwan lemo da shuɗi (edd na gaba ɗaya). The tattara makamashi ND shine bambanci tsakanin shigarwar da makamashi mai ƙarfi, watau kawai yankin orange a cikin siffa. 1b. Wannan keɓaɓɓiyar sake fasalin na Olson yana ba da adadin kuzari na 1.78 J CM-3. Alatasshen sake zagayowar abu ne na zagayowar zagayen Olson (karin bayanai 7). Saboda kullun caji mataki (buɗe da'ira) an fi samun sauƙin kai, yawan kuzarin kuzari an fitar dashi daga siffa 1b (sake zagayowar ab's-3. Wannan kawai 70% na abin da Olson sake zagayo, amma kayan girbi masu sauƙi suna yin shi.
Bugu da kari, muna auna kai tsaye da aka tattara yayin sake zagayowar MLC ta amfani da matakin sarrafa zazzabi da kuma mitar mitar (hanya). Hoto 1C a saman kuma a cikin rikice-rikicen kwari suna nuna halin yanzu (ja) da aka tattara akan wannan mm lokacin farin ciki PST MLC kamar yadda de de madauki ke cikin zagayowar Olson. A halin yanzu da ƙarfin lantarki yasa zai yiwu a kirga makamashin da aka tattara, kuma ana nuna curves a cikin siffa. 1C, kasa (kore) da zazzabi (rawaya) a cikin zagayowar. Haruffa abcd wakilci Olson sake zagayowar Olson a cikin siffa 1. Ana yin caji a lokacin AB kuma ana aiwatar da shi a cikin low kafa na yanzu (200 μA), don haka kamuwa na iya sarrafa caji da kyau. Sakamakon wannan akai-akai na farko shine cewa ƙarfin lantarki (baƙar fata) ba mai layi ba filin gudun hijira d pst (fig. 1c, saman kwaro). A ƙarshen caji, 30 mj na kuzarin lantarki ana adana shi a cikin MLC (aya b). MLC ta yi zafi da mara kyau na yanzu (sabili da haka ba a rama na yanzu ba, duk da cewa samfurin samfurin ya kai a cikin wannan sassield ya isa Plateau na 65 MJ. 1c, saman). Ana rage ƙarfin lantarki a cikin MLC (reshe CD), yana haifar da ƙarin ƙarin 60 mj na aikin lantarki. Jimlar aikin fitarwa shine 95 mj. Ikon da aka tattara shine bambanci tsakanin shigarwar da kuma ƙarfin fitarwa, wanda ke ba 95 - 30 = 65 MJ. Wannan ya dace da yawan kuzari na 1.84 J CM-3, wanda yake kusa da wanda aka fitar daga ND. Repan recheciationsarfin wannan sake zagayowar Olson an gwada shi sosai (karin bayanai na 4). Ta ci gaba da ƙara ƙarfin lantarki da zazzabi, mun sami 4.43 J CMSEN A cikin kilogiram na 0.5 v (195 KV CM-1) da 175 ° C (karin bayanai c (karin bayanai na 5). This is four times greater than the best performance reported in the literature for direct Olson cycles and was obtained on thin films of Pb(Mg,Nb)O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) (1.06 J cm-3)18 (cm .Supplementary Table 1 for more values ​​​​in the literature). Wannan wasan kwaikwayon an kai shi ne ga matsanancin lalacewa na halin yanzu na waɗannan mlcs (<10-7 a a 70 ° C, ga mahimman bayanai waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin karatun da suka gabata. Wannan wasan kwaikwayon an kai shi ne ga matsanancin lalacewa na halin yanzu na waɗannan mlcs (<10-7 a a 70 ° C, ga mahimman bayanai waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin karatun da suka gabata. Эти характеристики были достигнуты благодаря очень низкому току утечки этих MLC (<10–7 А при 750 В и 180 °C, см. подробности в ополни примечани4 Момент, уомент, уомент, уомент, уомент, уомяну дПомянутый уБОдом дд. 19 — в отличие от к материалам, использованным в более ранних исследованиях17,20. An cimma waɗannan halaye saboda ƙarancin lalacewa na waɗannan mlcs (<10-7 a a 750 v da 180 ° C, duba ƙarin bayani 6 don cikakkun bayanai ta Smith et al. 19 - Ya bambanta da kayan duniya da aka yi amfani da su a cikin karatun da suka gabata17,20.MLC 的 泄漏电流非常低 750 v 和 180 ° C 时 <10-7 中 的 中 19 相比之 l 的 已经达到了这种性能到早期研究 的 中 中 中 - 相比之 17,20.的 MLC 的 °在 70 ° C 时 <10-7 ° C 点 相比之相比之 信息说明 相比之下 关键 6 提到人 相比之下 关键 6 相比之下 相比之下 相比之 相比之 下载 相比之下 相比之下 相比之相比之下 相比之 相比之 相比之 下 相比之, 已经达到了这种性能到早期研究 中 中 使用 的 17.20. Оскольку утечечечечечечечечечечечечечечечечечечечечечечечечечечечеч комент, уомент, уомяну и др. 19 - для сравненениягравненуты дти хости характеристики. Tunda yaduwar halin yanzu na waɗannan mlcs sun ragu sosai (<10-7 v da 180 ° C, duba ƙarin bayani 6 don cikakkun bayanai 6 don smith et al. 19 - Kwanta, an cimma wadannan wasannin.ga kayan da ake amfani da su a cikin karatun farko 17,20.
Yanayin iri ɗaya (600 v, 20-90 ° C) ya shafi zagayowar sake zagayowar (karin bayanai 7). Kamar yadda ake tsammani daga sakamakon zagayowar De de sake zagayowar, yawan amfanin ƙasa ya kasance 41.0 MJ. Ofaya daga cikin mafi kyawun siffofin motsa jiki na motsa silaryewa shine iyawarsu don fadakar da farkon ƙarfin jiki ta hanyar tasirin ThermEelect. Mun lura da riba na wutar lantarki har zuwa 39 (daga wani voltage na farko na 15 v zuwa ƙarshen wutar lantarki har zuwa 590 v, duba karin Fig. 7.2).
Wani fasalin daban-daban fasalin wadannan MLCs shine cewa su abubuwa macroscopic sun isa su tattara makamashi a cikin yankin roule. Sabili da haka, mun gina mai karfin gargajiya (Harv1) ta amfani da mlc pst 1 mm 4 matrix zane wanda aka nuna a cikin kayan maye. Zazzabi na ɗaukar ruwa da aka yi gudun hijira a cikin wuraren shakatawa guda biyu. Tattara har zuwa 3.1 j ta amfani da sake zagayowar Olson da aka bayyana a cikin siffa. 2a, yankuna masu yawa A 10 ° C da 125 ° C da yankuna masu tsada a 0 da 750 v (195 KV CM-1). Wannan ya dace da yawan makamashi na 3.14 J CM-3. Amfani da wannan haɗuwa, an ɗauke ma'aunai a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban (Fig. 2b). Lura cewa 1.8 j aka samu akan kewayon zafin jiki na 80 ° C da ƙarfin lantarki na 600 v (155 na cm-1). Wannan yana cikin yarjejeniya mai kyau tare da da aka ambata 65 mj don 1 mm lokacin farin ciki PST MLC a ƙarƙashin yanayin guda (28 × 65 = 1820 mj).
A, saitin gwaji na Harev1 Prototype dangane da 28 ml pts 1 mm lokacin farin ciki (layuka 4 ×s 7 ginshiƙai) Gudun kan hayanku na Olson. Ga kowane ɗayan matakai huɗu na zagaye, zazzabi da wutar lantarki a cikin lamuran. Kwamfutar tana fitar da famfo na peristaltic wanda ke zagayawa ruwa mai gina jiki tsakanin tafkin sanyi da zafi, bawulen biyu, da tushen iko. Kwamfutar kuma tana amfani da thermocouples don tattara bayanai akan ƙarfin lantarki kuma yanzu yana kawowa ga prototype da zazzabi na haɗuwa daga wutar lantarki. B, makamashi (launi) da aka tattara ta hanyar mu 4 × 7 MLC 7 MLC ta haifar da yawan zafin jiki (X-Axis) da wutar lantarki (Y-Axis) a cikin gwaje-gwaje daban-daban.
Babban sigar Age (Harv2) tare da MLC mai kauri 60 mm lokacin mlc 0.5 mm lokacin farin ciki pyroec 0.5 mm (karin bayani. A cikin 1984, Olnen ya yi wani dan wasan da ya samo asali ne a ranar 317 g na tin-doped PB (ZR, TI) O3 Jinke Ingancin Wutar kimanin kimanin 150 ° C (Ref. 21). Don wannan haɗuwa, wannan shine kawai ɗayan ƙimar da ake samu a kewayon roule. Ya samu sama da rabin darajar da muka samu kuma kusan sau bakwai da ingancin. Wannan yana nufin cewa yawan ƙarfin Harv2 shine sau 13 a sama.
Lokacin sake zagayowar Harv1 shine 57 seconds. Wannan ya samar da 54 mw na iko tare da layuka 4 na layuka 7 na 1 mm lokacin farin ciki MLC saiti. Don ɗaukar mataki ɗaya gaba ɗaya, mun gina shi na uku (harv3) tare da 0.5mm lokacin farin ciki PST MLC da makamancin haka zuwa Harv1 da Harv2 (karin bayani 9). Mun auna lokacin hermalization na 12.5 seconds. Wannan ya dace da lokacin sake zagayawa na 25 S (karin bayani. 9). The Ofishin da aka tattara (47 MJ) yana ba da ikon wutar lantarki na 1.95 MW kowace MLC, wanda a cikin biyo yana ba mu damar tunanin wannan Harv2 yana haifar da 7.55 w (kamar 1.95 mw × 280 pst mlc 0.5 mm lokacin farin ciki). Bugu da kari, mun dace da yanayin zafi ta amfani da mafi kyawun kayan siminti (Comsol, karin bayanai 10 da karin takardu 2-4) mai dacewa da gwaje-gwajen Harv1. Kyakkyawan ƙayyadadden kayan kwalliya ya sa ya zama mai yiwuwa don yin hasashen ƙimar wutan lantarki mafi girma (430 MW) na yawan ginshiƙai na MLC zuwa 7 mm, amfani da ruwa a matsayin mai santsi, da kuma dawo da ruwa zuwa layuka 7. × 4 ginshiƙai (Fadari ga, akwai 960 mw lokacin da tanki na kusa da hada, karin siffa Fig. 10b).
Don nuna fa'idar wannan mai tara, an yi amfani da zagaye mai zurfi zuwa ga mai duba mai ruwa guda biyu, thermoocond da mai maye gurbin lantarki, thermocopple mai karancin wuta, thermocopples mai karar wuta, thermocopples mai sauyawa, thermocopples mai canzawa, meltraopples mltage, thermocopples mai canzawa, thermocopples mlomter (karin bayanai). Yankin yana buƙatar ɗaukar takara da farko an caje shi a 9V sannan yana gudanar da mlcs ɗin yayin da yawan zafin jiki na 110 s (an nuna masu cinyewa da yawa. Abin mamaki, MLC biyu suna ɗaukar nauyin 0.3g na iya sarrafa wannan babban tsarin. Wani fasali mai ban sha'awa shine cewa mai juyawa mai ƙarfin lantarki yana da ikon canza 400v zuwa 109% tare da 79% LATSA: Hoto na 11.3).
A ƙarshe, muna kimanta ƙarfin waɗannan ayyukan MLC a cikin sauya makamashi cikin ƙarfin lantarki. Ingancin ingancin aiki an ayyana shi azaman rabo daga cikin adadin da aka tattara kuzarin lantarki wanda aka tara kuzarin da aka tara zuwa yawan zafin rana (ƙarin bayanin kula 12):
Figures 3A, B Nuna ingantaccen η da ƙarfin ingancin ηse na Olsen, bi da bi, a matsayin aikin kewayon zafin jiki na 0.5 mm lokacin farin ciki mlc. Ana ba duka tsarin bayanan duka don filin lantarki na 195 KV CM-1. Inganci \ (\ wannan \) ya kai 1.43%, wanda yayi daidai da 18% na ηr. Koyaya, saboda yawan zafin jiki na 10 K daga 25 ° C zuwa 35 ° C, ηr ya kai dabi'u har zuwa 40% (shuɗi). Wannan ya ninka darajar sanannun kayan NLP a cikin finafinan PMM (ηr = 19%) a cikin yawan zafin jiki na 10 k da 300 KV CM-1 (Ref. 18). Rangewaryancin zazzabi da ke ƙasa da 10 k ba a la'akari da wannan ba saboda zafin rana na MLC yana tsakanin 5 da 8 K. GASKIYA game da sakamako mai kyau na canzawar lokaci mai mahimmanci yana da mahimmanci. A zahiri, kyawawan dabi'u na η da ηr kusan duk an samu ne a farkon zazzabi ti = 25 ° C a cikin ɓaure. 3a, b. Wannan ya faru ne saboda juyawa mai rufewa yayin da ba'a amfani da filin kuma curie zazzabi tc yana kusan 20 ° C a cikin waɗannan MLCS (karin bayanai na 13).
a,b, the efficiency η and the proportional efficiency of the Olson cycle (a)\({\eta }_{{\rm{r}}}=\eta /{\eta}_{{\rm{Carnot}} for the maximum electric by a field of 195 kV cm-1 and different initial temperatures Ti, }} ire. "\) (b) don mpc pst 0.5 mm lokacin farin ciki, dangane da tazara tazara ΔTspan ΔTspan ΔTspan ΔTspan ΔTspan.
A karshen abin kallo yana da mahimmancin mahimman abubuwa guda biyu: (1) Duk wani ingantaccen keke dole ne ya fara a yanayin zafi da ke sama zuwa Fihirisar-Fishingrict Hausa) ya faru; (2) Wadannan kayan sun fi dacewa a lokacin gudu zuwa TC. Kodayake ana nuna manyan ingancin-sikeli a cikin gwaje-gwajenmu, kewayon iyakantaccen yanki ba ya ba mu damar cimma babban ɗalibin inganci saboda iyakokin gidanyarsa (\ (\ Delta T / T \). Koyaya, kyakkyawan inganci ya nuna ta hanyar waɗannan MLCs sun nuna OLSEN lokacin da ya ambaci motar theryresetert a tsakanin 50 ° C na iya samun ingancin 30% "17. Don isa ga waɗannan dabi'u kuma gwada manufar, zai zama da amfani a yi amfani da PSTs doped tare da tcs daban-daban, kamar yadda Shebanov da kuma tsakiyar. Sun nuna cewa tc a cikin pst na iya bambanta daga 3 ° C (SB doping) zuwa 33 ° C (ti kooping) 22. Sabili da haka, muna hasashen da za mu sa ido kan wannan tsara Pyroelelorraster dangane da doped PST MLCs ko wasu kayan da ke da ƙarfi sauye sauye-sauye na iya yin gasa tare da mafi kyawun wutar lantarki.
A cikin wannan binciken, mun bincika MLCIs da aka yi daga PST. Wadannan na'urori sun ƙunshi jerin PT da pt electrodes, inda yawancin masu ɗaukar hoto ana haɗa su a cikin layi daya. An zabi PST saboda haka kyakkyawan EC abu kuma saboda haka yiwuwar kyakkyawan NLP. Ya nuna sauyawa ferroeleclic sau-patureetlic sau-patureety kimanin 20 ° C, wanda ke nuna cewa an bayyana shi da na'urori na entropps iri ɗaya don na'urorin EC13,14. A cikin wannan binciken, mun yi amfani da 10.4 × 7.2 × 1 mm³ da 10.4 × 1.24 × 7.4 × 7.2 × 0.5 mm³ MLCs. MLCs tare da kauri daga 1 mm da 0.5 mm an yi daga 19 da 9 yadudduka na pst tare da kauri na 38.6 μm, bi da bi. A cikin duka halaye, an sanya Layer mai ciki tsakanin 2.05 μm lokacin farin ciki platinum electrodes. Tsarin waɗannan MLCs yana ɗaukar cewa 55% na PSTs suna aiki, mai dacewa da ɓangaren tsakanin wayoyin jiragen sama (ƙarin bayanin kula 1). Yankin lantarki mai aiki ya kasance 48.7 mm2 (Teburin GWAMNATI 5). MLC PST aka shirya ta hanyar daidaitaccen lokaci da kuma hanyar sakin baya. Cikakkun bayanan tsarin shiri sun bayyana a cikin labarin da suka gabata14. Daya daga cikin bambance-bambance tsakanin PST MLC kuma labarin da ya gabata shine tsari na B-sites, wanda ya shafi aikin EC a cikin PC. A odar B-sites na PST MLC shine 0.75 (karin bayanai na 2) da ake samu a 1400 ° C ya biyo da ɗaruruwan sa'o'i tsawon sa'o'i tsawon lokaci 1000 ° C. Don ƙarin bayani game da PST MLC, duba karin bayanin kula 1-3 da ƙarin tebur 5.
Babban manufar wannan binciken ya dogara ne akan zagayowar Olson (Fig. 1). Ga irin wannan zagaye, muna buƙatar mai zafi da sanyi da ke tafe da kuma ikon samar da wutar lantarki da sarrafa wutar lantarki a cikin model daban-daban MLC. Wadannan hanyoyin kai tsaye sunyi amfani da saiti daban-daban guda biyu, wato (1) Makarantar Ilimin MLC na 2410, da (AGAV1, Harv2 da Harv3) a layi daya ƙarfin karfi. A cikin yanayin na karshen, ruwa mai maye (masu silirone tare da danko 5 cp a 25 ° C, da sanyi) da MLC. Reservoir na thereral ya ƙunshi akwati gilashi wanda ya cika da ruwa mai yanke-girke kuma an sanya shi a saman farantin Thermal. Aikin sanyi na sanyi ya ƙunshi ruwan wanka mai ruwa tare da shambura ruwa dauke da ruwa ruwa a cikin babban akwati filastik cike da ruwa da kankara. Hanyoyi biyu na ƙugun ƙafa biyu (aka saya daga rijis ne daga wannan haɓakar ƙwayar cuta) a kowace ƙarshen haɗuwa don sauya ruwa da kyau daga ɗayan tafki zuwa wata (Hoto na 2a). Don tabbatar da daidaitawar yanayin zafi tsakanin kunshin PST-MLC da sanyaya-wuri, an tsawaita lokacin sake zagayowar har sai da kuma saman kunshin PST-MLC) ya nuna irin wannan zafin jiki. Rubutun Python yana sarrafawa da kuma daidaita kowane kida (tushen mitoci, fastoci, bawuloli, da thermoopples) don yin hawan keke saboda sun yi zafi a cikin ƙarfin lantarki don sun yi zafi a cikin ƙarfin lantarki don ya ba da zagayen Olson da ake so don ba Olson da ake so.
A madadin haka, mun tabbatar da waɗannan ma'aunin kai tsaye na makamashi tare da hanyoyin da ke kai tsaye. Wadannan hanyoyin kai tsaye sun dogara ne akan motsawar lantarki (D) - Filin lantarki (e) filayen filin da aka tattara a cikin madaukai biyu de madaukai guda biyu decops, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin adadi. A cikin hoto 2 ..1b. Hakanan ana tattara abubuwan deaps ta amfani da mita na Keitthley.
Ashirin da takwas 1 mm lokacin farin ciki PST MLCs sun taru a cikin 4-jere, 7-shafi a layi daya farantin tsari gwargwadon ƙirar da aka bayyana a cikin tunani. 14. Gasar ruwan ruwa tsakanin layuka na PST-MLC shine 0.75mm. Ana samun wannan ta ƙara tube na ƙirar ƙiren biyu kamar sararin samaniya kusa da gefuna na MLC. PST MLC yana haɗa shi a layi daya tare da gadar mai amfani da azurfa tare da lantarki yana haifar da. Bayan haka, an glued wayoyi a kowane gefen azurfa zuwa kowane gefen tashar lantarki don haɗi zuwa haɗi zuwa wutar lantarki. A ƙarshe, saka duk tsarin cikin tiyo na polyolefin. Latterarshen yana glued zuwa bututun ruwa don tabbatar da ƙayakin da ya dace. A ƙarshe, 0.25 mm lokacin farin ciki k-nau'in thetmocopples an gina shi zuwa kowane ƙarshen PST-MLC tsarin don saka idanu akan yanayin yanayin zafi da kuma yanayin yanayin zafi. Don yin wannan, da tiyo dole ne ya fara zama. Bayan shigar da thermocobole, shafa wannan m kamar kafin a gabanin thermocouple tiyo da waya don mayar da hatimin.
An gina manyan abubuwan da aka tsara takwas, huɗu daga cikinsu suna da 40 0.5 mm mm ml p fartinnns 5 1, kuma ragowar 8 mm lokacin mlc psts kowane. A cikin 3-shafi × 5-jere layi daya farantin tsari. Jimlar adadin MLCs da aka yi amfani da su 220 (160 0.5 mm lokacin farin ciki da 60 pst mlc 1 mm lokacin farin ciki). Muna kiran waɗannan subungiyoyi biyu harv2_160 da harv2_60. Gibar ruwa a cikin samfurin Motsa Harv2_160 ya ƙunshi kaset biyu mai gefe biyu 0.25 mm lokacin farin ciki tare da waya 0.25 mm lokacin farin ciki tsakanin su. Don Harv2_60 Prototype, muna maimaita wannan hanya, amma amfani da 0.38 mm lokacin farin ciki waya. Don Symmetry, Harv2_160 da Harv2_60 suna da nasu lalacewar ruwa, farashinsa, bawuloli da kuma sanyi. Rukunin Harv2 na Harv2 sun raba tafkin zafi, akwatina 3 (30 cm X 20 cm 20 cm 20 cm 20 cm) a kan faranti masu zafi guda biyu tare da juyawa magnanne. Dukkanin bayanan mutum takwas ne aka haɗa su cikin layi daya. Harv2_160 da Harv2_60 'Yan bindiga suna aiki lokaci guda a cikin zagayowar Olson sakamakon girbin makamashi na 11.2 J.
Sanya 0.5mm lokacin mlc mlc zuwa polyolefin tiyo tare da tef na gefe biyu da waya a garesu don ƙirƙirar sarari don ruwa don gudana. Saboda ƙaramin girmansa, an sanya Propotype kusa da bawul ko sanyi na tafki na sanyi, rage girman lokacin hatsa.
A cikin MLC MLC, ana amfani da filin lantarki mai kullun ta hanyar amfani da wutar lantarki koyaushe zuwa reshen dumama. A sakamakon haka, ana samar da mummunan yanayin halin yanzu da makamashi an adana shi. Bayan tsanani da PST MLC, an cire filin (v = 0), da kuma kuzarin da aka adana a ciki an mayar da shi zuwa gudummawar kuzari, wanda ya dace da gudummawar kuzarin da aka tattara. A ƙarshe, tare da voltage v = 0 amfani, MLC PSTs suna sanyaya zuwa yanayin da suka yi don farawa. A wannan matakin, ba a tattara makamashi ba. Mun gudanar da sake zagayowar Olsen ta amfani da wani Keithley 2410 Soctionster na MLC daga ƙimar da ya dace don haka cewa an tattara wasan a halin yanzu don cajin lasisi.
A cikin cycles, an cajin mlcs a cikin yanayin Sourcease a cikin yanayin filin lantarki na farko (da kuma yawan son rai yana ɗaukar nauyin abin dogaro na makamashi) da zazzabi sanyi. A cikin cycles, an cajin mlcs a cikin yanayin Sourcease a cikin yanayin filin lantarki na farko (da kuma yawan son rai yana ɗaukar nauyin abin dogaro na makamashi) da zazzabi sanyi. Вликллах Столинга Pst MLC Ачрачачиже начении пленти вленти плекть начении ом нач (Ачалие нодапрм Подапрмом подимето забки заряимраетсяетсяетсяетсяетсяетсяетсяетсяетсяетсяется достаточное количество точек для надежного расчета энергия) и холодная температура. A cikin zakar mlc dilles, an caje su a cikin yanayin da ake sowa a farkon darajar da aka tattara don ingantaccen aikin makamashi) da zazzabi mai sanyi.在斯特林循环 中, Pst MLC 在电压源模式 下载 以初始电场值 (初始电压 vi> 0) 充电, 所需 的 点以可靠地计算能量) 顺应电流使得充电步骤大约需要) 顺应电流使得充电步骤大约需要) 顺应电流使得充电步骤大约需要. A cikin Juyin Jinkiri, an cajin PST MLC a darajar filin lantarki na farko (na farko voltage vi> kuma mun tattara wadataccen cajin (makamashi) da ƙarancin zafin jiki. Вцикле стирлинга Pst MLC заряежением Алимаесого поляачячичотольното слкачальното Сача Alaаппрние VI> Тремымымымымыликов, чето околиаетстоточардия дапого 1 забииаточое Yanоличесто тточочек, чтобы нададыдо расергию) и Низкие Темпие Темпоры. A cikin zumann mai da hankali, an caje shi da MLC a yanayin da ake so na wutar lantarki (farkon gogewar da ake buƙata don dogaro da makamashi) da yanayin zafi.Kafin pst mlc heats sama, bude da'irar ta hanyar amfani da daidaitawar na yanzu ni = 0 ma (mafi karancin dacewa cewa yanzu haka asalinmu zai iya sarrafawa shine 10 na). A sakamakon haka, cajin ya kasance a cikin pst na MJK, da ƙarfin lantarki yana ƙaruwa kamar yadda ake ɗaukar samfin. Babu makamashi da aka tattara a hannu BC saboda i = 0 ma. Bayan ya isa zazzabi mai zafi, ƙarfin lantarki a cikin MTT ft yana ƙaruwa (a wasu lokuta fiye da sau 30, duba ƙarin ire-iren wutar lantarki 7.2), an adana ƙarin inabi na lantarki. Wannan wasiƙar da ke yanzu ta koma ga mita. Sakamakon riba, ƙarfin da aka adana a babban zafin jiki ya fi abin da aka bayar a farkon zagayen. Sakamakon haka, ana samun makamashi ta hanyar sauya zafi zuwa wutar lantarki.
Mun yi amfani da Keithley 2410 Socteeter don lura da wutar lantarki da na yanzu zuwa ga PST MLC. Ana lissafta kuzari mai dacewa ta hanyar haɗa samfurin ƙarfin lantarki da na yanzu ta Keithley ta Keithley, \ (E =) {0} RM {0} rm {({i} in ciki Dama) {V} _ {{\ rm {meas {mey {{as A kan kulawar kuzarin mu, ƙimar makamashi mai kyau yana nufin kuzarin da dole ne mu ba da ƙarfin MLC, da kuma dabi'u marasa kyau yana nufin makamashin da muke fitarwa daga gare su sabili da haka makamashi ya karɓa daga gare su sabili da haka ƙarfin da aka karɓa. Ikon dangi don zagin tattarawa ya ƙaddara ta hanyar rarraba kuzarin da aka tattara ta lokacin τ duka sake zagayowar gaba ɗaya.
An gabatar da duk bayanan a cikin babban rubutu ko a cikin ƙarin bayani. Haruffa da buƙatun don kayan da ya kamata a miƙa zuwa ga tushen a ko ed bayanan da aka bayar tare da wannan labarin.
Ado Junior, OH, Maran, Alo & Henao, NC A bita na ci gaba da aikace-aikacen reviewer na mogretorators don girbi na makamashi don girbin makamashi. Ado Junior, OH, Maran, Alo & Henao, NC A bita na ci gaba da aikace-aikacen reviewer na mogretorators don girbi na makamashi don girbin makamashi.Ado Junior, EHIO, Maran, Maran, Alo da Henao, NC Overview na ci gaba da aikace-aikacen Thermexetelecter don girbi na makamashi. Ado Junior, OH, Maran, Alo & Henao, NC 回顾用于能量收集 的 的 的 的. Ado Junior, OH, Maran, Alo & Henao, NCAdo Junior, Ehio, Maran, da Alo, da Henao, NC suna tunanin ci gaba da aikace-aikacen Thermexetelecter don girbi na makamashi.ci gaba. Tallafi. Makamashi Rev. 91, 376-393 (2018).
PAPMAN, A., Knight, M., Garnett, EC, Ehrler, kayan kwalliya: kayan aiki na WC: suna da iyakancewar abubuwa da kalubale masu zuwa. PAPMAN, A., Knight, M., Garnett, EC, Ehrler, kayan kwalliya: kayan aiki na WC: suna da iyakancewar abubuwa da kalubale masu zuwa.PAPMAN, A., Knight, M., Garnett, Ehnett, Ehrler, kayan VK Phoplortaic: Ayyukan VK Phoplovoltaic: Ayyukan Photovoltaic: Ayyukan Photovoltaic: Ayyukan Photovoltaic PAPMAN, A., Knight, M., Garnett, EC, Ehrler, B. & Sinke, 的 的 的 的 的. PAPMAN, A., Knight, M., Garnett, EC, EHLLER, SUCH, kayan B. & Sins, da Sinanci da Kalubale da kalubale na yanzu da kalubale na yau da kullun.PAPMAN, A., Knight, M., Garnett, Ehnett, Ehrler, kayan VK Phoplortaic: Ayyukan VK Phoplovoltaic: Ayyukan Photovoltaic: Ayyukan Photovoltaic: Ayyukan PhotovoltaicKimiyya 352, AAD4424 (2016).
Song, K., Zhao, R., Wang, ZL & Yang, Y. Conjuned Pyro-Pizezeetric Tasirin zazzabi da zazzabi na lokaci-lokaci. Song, K., Zhao, R., Wang, ZL & Yang, Y. Conjunct Pyro-Piezeectric sakamako don yawan zafin jiki da kuma matsi.Song K., Zhao R., Wang Zl da Yan Yu. Haɗe pyropiezezeclectric sakamako don m setonomous daidaita yawan zafin jiki da matsin lamba. Song, K., Zhao, R., Wang, ZL & Yang, Y. 的 的 联合热压电效应. Song, K., Zhao, R., Wang, ZL & Yang, Y. Don ƙarfin ƙarfin kai a lokaci guda kamar zafin rana da matsi.Song K., Zhao R., Wang Zl da Yan Yu. Haɗe da tasirin thermopiecopric sakamako don m setonomous daidaita yawan zafin jiki da matsin lamba.A gaba. Alma Maroter 31, 1902831 (2019).
Sealdd, G., Phuvost, S. & Guuyomar, D. Yin girbi na makamashi bisa pyroelelctric rakunan a cikin wani shakatar ferroearlectric yumbu. Sealdd, G., Phuvost, S. & Guuyomar, D. Yin girbi na makamashi bisa pyroelelctric rakunan a cikin wani shakatar ferroearlectric yumbu.Seald G., Pruovost S. da Guyomar D. Shiryar makamashi dangane da hanyoyin Pyroelectric Ericsson a cikin nishaɗin Ferroelectric Brandclics.Seald G., Pruovost S. da Guyomar D. Shirya girki a Ferroecric Brerrics dangane da Ericsson Pyroelectric Hawan keke. Smart Alma Mater. Tsarin. 17, 15012 (2007).
Alpay, Sp, Mante, J., Trolier-McKinstry, S. & Waiform, Ka'idojin Pyroelectric na UPLONAL UN-LIVCONPLOCLOCLOVERPLOCLOVERPLOCLOVERSMOLOLOLOLDIONS. Alpay, Sp, Mante, J., Trolier-McKinstry, S. & Waiform, Ka'idojin Pyroelectric na UPLONAL UN-LIVCONPLOCLOCLOVERPLOCLOVERPLOCLOVERSMOLOLOLOLDIONS. Alpay, Sp, Manteci, J., Truerier-McKinstry, S. & wace, Q. & Waitnтолоричеседующего оледующего оледующего оледующего оля Mаимногго преобразов твектермотельной электромиаческой энергии. Alpay, Sp, Mante, J., trantier-mclinstry, S., Zhang, Q. & Nan, RW Alpay, Sp, Manteci, J., Truerier-McKinstry, S., Zhang, Q. & WA, RW 的 的 一代电热和热释电材料. Alpay, Sp, Mante, J., Trolier-McKinstry, S., Zhang, Q. & Whatmore, RW Alpay, Sp, Manteci, J., Truerier-McKinstry, S. & wace, Q. & Waitnтолоричеседующего оледующего оледующего оледующего оля Mаимногго преобразов твектермотельной электромиаческой энергии. Alpay, Sp, Mante, J., trantier-mclinstry, S., Zhang, Q. & Nan, RWLady Bull. 39, 1099-1109 (2014).
Zhang, K., Wang, Y., Wang, ZL & Yang, Y. Standard da adadi-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-daukacin NANGELATERSATERAL. Zhang, K., Wang, Y., Wang, ZL & Yang, Y. Standard da adadi-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-daukacin NANGELATERSATERAL.Zhang, K., Wang, Y., Wang, ZL da Yang, Yu. Daidaitaccen maki da inganci don amfani da ayyukan da aka tsara wajan ayyukan Pyroelectrastric. Zhang, K., Wang, Y., Wang, ZL & Yang, Y. 的 的 标准和品质因数. Zhang, K., Wang, Y., Wang, ZL & Yang, Y.Zhang, K., Wang, Y., Wang, ZL da Yang, Yu. Kalmomin aiki da matakan aiwatarwa don amfani da aikin Nan wasan Pyroeleclorator.Nano makamashi 55, 534-540 (2019).
Crossley, S., Nair, B., MOYA, RW, MOYA, X. & Mathur, ND Explectrocalororic Coling Tantalate tare da Regelier Tantalate tare da Haikali na Gaskiya Ta Hanyar Haikali ta hanyar Matsayi na Gaskiya. Crossley, S., Nair, B., MOYA, RW, MOYA, X. & Mathur, ND Explectrocalororic Coling Tantalate tare da Regelier Tantalate tare da Haikali na Gaskiya Ta Hanyar Haikali ta hanyar Matsayi na Gaskiya.Crosstley, B., Nair, B., Watmore, RW, MOYA, X. da Mathur, ND Explecalororic Coling Tantalate tare da sabuntawar filin. Crosstley, S., Nair, B., shin, Rw, MOYA, X. & Mathur, ND 的 的 的, 的 的 的 的, 的 的 的 的, 的 的 的 的, 的 的 的 的, 的 的 的 再生 的. Crosstley, S., nair, B., wanne, Rw, MOYA, X. & Mathur, ND. Tantalum 酸钪钪钪钪钪钪钪钪电求 的 电池水水水水水气水在电影在在线电影.Crossley, S., Nair, B., Watmore, RW, MOYA, X. da Mathur, wanda Mathur, wanda Mathur, wanda ya sake yin juyayi na gaskiya ta hanyar juyawa na fili ta hanyar juyawa.Likitocin Rev. x 9, 41002 (2019).
Moya, X., Kar-Narayan, S. & Mathur, ND Calorics Kayayyakin Shugaban Gabatarwa kusa da Ferroic Matsi. Moya, X., Kar-Narayan, S. & Mathur, ND Calorics Kayayyakin Shugaban Gabatarwa kusa da Ferroic Matsi.Moya, X., Kar-Narayan, S. da Mathur, ND Caloric kayan kusa da Ferroid Passion Matsakaici. Maya, x., Kar-Narayan, S. & Mathur, ND 的 的. Moya, X., Kar-Narayan, S. & Mathur, ND Thermal kayan kusa da Ferrous Metallgy.Maya, X., Kar-Narayan, S. da Mathur, ND Thermal kayan kusa da baƙin ƙarfe.Nat. Alma matere 13, 439-450 (2014).
MOYA, X. & Mathur, ND Caloric kayan don sanyaya da dumama. MOYA, X. & Mathur, ND Caloric kayan don sanyaya da dumama.Maya, X. da Mathur, ND kayan aikin thermal don sanyaya da dumama. Maya, X. & Mathur, ND 的 的. Maya, X. & Mathur, nD kayan aikin thermal don sanyaya da dumama.Mayya X. da Mathur ND Thermal kayan don sanyaya da dumama.Kimiyya 370, 797-803 (2020).
Toreselló, A. & Defay, E. Explerocalororic Cololers: Bita. Toreselló, A. & Defay, E. Explerocalororic Cololers: Bita.Torello, A. Kuma Defay, E. Electrocalororic Chillers Chillers: Bita. ToRelló, A. & defay, E. 电热冷却器: 评论. ToRelló, A. & defay, E. 电热冷却器: 评论.Toello, A. Kuma Defayya, E. Mai ba da sanda: Bango.Ci gaba. Lantarki. Alma Mater. 8. 2101031 (2022).
Nuchokgwe, Y. et al. Babban ƙarfin makamashi mai ƙarfi na kayan lantarki a cikin umarnin sikelium na jagoranci sosai. Sadarwa ta kasa. 12, 3298 (2021).
Nair, B. et al. Tasirin wutan lantarki na masu ɗaukar hoto na Mullainet Mulcide masu yawa ne bisa yawan zafin jiki na zazzabi. Yanayi 575, 468-472 (2019).
Toello, a. et al. Babban yawan zafin jiki a cikin kayan lantarki. Kimiyya 370, 125-129 (2020).
Wang, Y. et al. Babban aikin m jihar Wurin sanyaya. Kimiyya 370, 129-133 (2020).
Meng, Y. et al. Cascade na sanyaya kayan sanyaya don haɓaka zafin jiki. Kamfanin Kasa 5, 996-1002 (2020).
Olsen, RB & Brown, DD babban inganci yana jujjuya kai tsaye zuwa matakan da ke da alaƙa da Pyroeleclections na lantarki. Olsen, RB & Brown, DD mai ƙarfi kai tsaye kai tsaye zuwa ga ma'auni na Pyroecorrics na lantarki.Olsen, RB da launin ruwan kasa, DD sosai ingantaccen hauhawar zafi cikin kuzarin lantarki wanda ke hade da ma'aunin pyroeleclric. Olsen, RB & Brown, DD 的 的 的. Olsen, RB & Brown, DDOlsen, RB da launin ruwan kasa, DD ingantacciyar tayar da zafi zuwa wutar lantarki da ke hade da ma'aunin Pyroeleclric.Ferroelecrics 40, 17-27 (1982).
Pandya, S. et al. Makamashi da yawa da iko a cikin fim ɗin farin ciki mai zurfi Ferroecerric. Alamar Alma. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-018-0059-8 (2018).
Smith, An & Hannar, BM Cascaded Pyroecaded pyroecric haushi: Inganta ƙaddamar da Ferroelectric sauyawa da asarar lantarki. Smith, An & Hannar, BM Cascaded Pyroecaded pyroecric haushi: Inganta ƙaddamar da Ferroelectric sauyawa da asarar lantarki.Smith, da Hannar, BM Cascaded Pyroecading Pyroecyclecric juyawa: Matsakaici mai wucewa da haɓakar asarar wutar lantarki. Smith, An & Hannar, BM 级联热释电转换: 优化铁电相变和电损耗. Smith, An & Hanna, BMSmith, wani Hannaban, BM Cascaded Pyroecaded Pyroeleclecric Canza: Haɓaka mai canzawar Ferroelect da asarar lantarki.J. Aikace-aikace. kimiyyar lissafi. 128, 24103 (2020).
Hoch, sr amfani da kayan ferroeclectrics don sauya kuzari zuwa wutar lantarki. tsari. IEEE 51, 838-845 (1963).
Olsen, RB, Bruno, da, brisco, JM & Dulllea, J. Cascaded Pyroelectrick Motsa Makamashi. Olsen, RB, Bruno, da, brisco, JM & Dulllea, J. Cascaded Pyroelectrick Motsa Makamashi.Olsen, RB, Bruno, da, brisco, JM da Dullea, Reptonearfin J. Cascade Pyroeleclectric Mai Sauti. Olsen, RB, Bruno, da, brisco, JM & Dullea, J. 级联热释电能量转换器. Olsen, RB, Bruno, da, brisco, JM & Dullea, J. 级联热释电能量转换器.Olsen, RB, Bruno, da, brisco, JM da Dullea, J. Cascaded Pyroelectric Masu sauya wutar lantarki.Ferroelectrics 59, 205-219 (1984).
Shenbano, L. & Borman, K. A kan jagoran-Scanidium Tantara m mafita tare da babban sakamako na lantarki. Shenbano, L. & Borman, K. A kan jagoran-Scanidium Tantara m mafita tare da babban sakamako na lantarki.Shenanov L. da kuma Borman K. a kan m solutions na jagoran jagoranci-sikelin tanenta tare da babban tasirin lantarki. Shenav, L. & Borman, K. 关于具关于具 的 的 钪铅钪固溶体. Shenbanov, L. & Borman, K.Shenanov L. da kuma Borman K. a kan Scandium-Jagora-Scandium m mafita tare da babban pelecrocaloric.Ferroelectricrics 127, 143-148 (1992).
Mun gode N. Furusawa, Y. Inoue, da K. Honda don taimakonsu a cikin kirkirar MLC. Pl, a ,, yn, AA, JL, sama, VK, OB da Godiya / 15 / MS / Senbentitt, theray, Massena Girma / Theray, Massena Girma / Theray, Massena Girma / Theray, Massena Girma / 15 / Ms / Siebentitt Bridges2021 / MS / 16282302 / Cecha / Defay.
Ma'aikatar Kayan Bincike da Fasaha, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Luxembourg, Belvoir, Luxembourg