Bayar da hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki mai ɗorewa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubale na wannan ƙarni. Wuraren bincike a cikin kayan girbin makamashi sun samo asali daga wannan dalili, gami da thermoelectric1, photovoltaic2 da thermophotovoltaics3. Ko da yake ba mu da kayan aiki da na'urori masu iya girbi makamashi a cikin kewayon Joule, kayan aikin pyroelectric waɗanda zasu iya canza makamashin lantarki zuwa canje-canjen zafin jiki na lokaci-lokaci ana ɗaukar firikwensin4 da masu girbin makamashi5,6,7. Anan mun ɓullo da macroscopic thermal energy harvester a cikin nau'i na multilayer capacitor da aka yi da gram 42 na gubar scandium tantalate, yana samar da 11.2 J na makamashin lantarki a kowane zagaye na thermodynamic. Kowane nau'in pyroelectric na iya samar da ƙarfin wutar lantarki har zuwa 4.43 J cm-3 a kowane zagaye. Mun kuma nuna cewa irin waɗannan kayayyaki biyu masu nauyin 0.3 g sun isa ci gaba da ɗaukar nauyin ƙwanƙamin ruwa mai ɗaukar ƙarfi tare da ɗaukar hoto da na'urorin zazzabi. A ƙarshe, muna nuna cewa don kewayon zafin jiki na 10 K, waɗannan masu ƙarfin multilayer na iya kaiwa 40% ingancin Carnot. Waɗannan kaddarorin sun kasance saboda (1) canjin lokaci na ferroelectric don ingantaccen inganci, (2) ƙarancin ruwan ɗigo don hana asara, da (3) babban ƙarfin rushewa. Wadannan macroscopic, ma'auni kuma ingantaccen masu girbin wutar lantarki na pyroelectric suna sake tunanin samar da wutar lantarki.
Idan aka kwatanta da gradient na sararin samaniya da ake buƙata don kayan thermoelectric, girbin makamashi na kayan thermoelectric yana buƙatar hawan zafin jiki na tsawon lokaci. Wannan yana nufin zagayowar thermodynamic, wanda mafi kyawun siffa ta entropy (S) -zazzabi (T). Hoto 1a yana nuna ma'anar ST na al'ada na kayan pyroelectric marasa layi (NLP) wanda ke nuna canjin yanayin ferroelectric-paraelectric na filin a cikin scandium gubar tantalate (PST). Sassan shuɗi da kore na zagayowar akan zane na ST sun yi daidai da wutar lantarki da aka canza a cikin zagayowar Olson (bangarorin isothermal biyu da biyu na isopole). Anan zamu yi la'akari da hawan keke guda biyu tare da canjin filin lantarki iri ɗaya (filin kunnawa da kashewa) da canjin yanayin zafi ΔT, kodayake tare da yanayin zafi daban-daban. A kore sake zagayowar ba a located a cikin lokaci mika mulki yankin da haka yana da yawa karami yanki fiye da blue sake zagayowar located a cikin lokaci mika mulki yankin. A cikin zane na ST, mafi girman yanki, mafi girman ƙarfin da aka tattara. Don haka, canjin lokaci dole ne ya tattara ƙarin kuzari. Bukatar babban keken keke a cikin NLP yayi kama da buƙatar aikace-aikacen electrothermal9, 10, 11, 12 inda PST multilayer capacitors (MLCs) da PVDF na tushen terpolymers kwanan nan sun nuna kyakkyawan aiki na baya. yanayin aikin sanyaya a cikin sake zagayowar 13,14,15,16. Saboda haka, mun gano PST MLCs na sha'awa don girbi makamashi mai zafi. Waɗannan samfuran an kwatanta su dalla-dalla a cikin hanyoyin kuma an bayyana su a cikin ƙarin bayanin kula 1 (binciken microscopy na lantarki), 2 (Diffraction X-ray) da 3 (calorimetry).
a, Sketch na mahallin entropy (S) -zazzabi (T) tare da kunna wutar lantarki da kashewa ana amfani da kayan NLP waɗanda ke nuna canjin lokaci. Ana nuna zagayowar tara makamashi guda biyu a wurare daban-daban na zafin jiki. Zagaye mai shuɗi da kore suna faruwa a ciki da wajen canjin lokaci, bi da bi, kuma suna ƙarewa a yankuna daban-daban na saman. b, zobba na DE PST MLC guda biyu, kauri 1 mm, an auna tsakanin 0 da 155 kV cm-1 a 20 °C da 90 °C, bi da bi, da kuma madaidaicin hawan Olsen. Haruffa ABCD suna nufin jihohi daban-daban a cikin zagayowar Olson. AB: An caje MLC zuwa 155 kV cm-1 a 20 ° C. BC: An kiyaye MLC a 155 kV cm-1 kuma an ɗaga zafin jiki zuwa 90 ° C. CD: MLC yana fitarwa a 90°C. DA: MLC yayi sanyi zuwa 20°C a filin sifili. Yankin shuɗi ya yi daidai da ƙarfin shigarwar da ake buƙata don fara zagayowar. Yankin orange shine makamashin da aka tattara a cikin zagayowar daya. c, babban panel, ƙarfin lantarki (baƙi) da na yanzu (ja) tare da lokaci, ana sa ido yayin zagayowar Olson iri ɗaya kamar b. Abubuwan da aka saka guda biyu suna wakiltar haɓakar ƙarfin lantarki da na yanzu a mahimman wurare a cikin zagayowar. A cikin ƙananan panel, raƙuman rawaya da kore suna wakiltar ma'aunin zafin jiki da makamashi, bi da bi, don MLC mai kauri 1 mm. Ana ƙididdige makamashi daga na yanzu da na'urorin lantarki a saman panel. Makamashi mara kyau yayi daidai da kuzarin da aka tattara. Matakan da suka dace da manyan haruffa a cikin lambobi huɗu daidai suke da a cikin zagayowar Olson. Zagayen AB'CD yayi daidai da zagayowar Stirling (ƙarin bayanin kula 7).
inda E da D su ne filin lantarki da kuma wutar lantarki, bi da bi. Ana iya samun Nd a kaikaice daga kewayen DE (Fig. 1b) ko kai tsaye ta hanyar fara zagayowar thermodynamic. Hanyoyi mafi amfani da Olsen ya bayyana a cikin aikinsa na farko na tattara makamashin lantarki a cikin 1980s17.
A kan fig. 1b yana nuna madaukai guda biyu na monopolar DE na 1 mm kauri PST-MLC samfurori da aka taru a 20 °C da 90 °C, bi da bi, a kan kewayon 0 zuwa 155 kV cm-1 (600 V). Ana iya amfani da waɗannan zagayowar biyu don ƙididdige kuzarin da zagayowar Olson ya tattara a kaikaice a cikin hoto na 1a. A gaskiya ma, zagayowar Olsen ya ƙunshi rassan isofield guda biyu (a nan, filin sifili a cikin reshen DA da 155 kV cm-1 a cikin reshen BC) da rassan isothermal guda biyu (a nan, 20 ° C da 20 ° C a cikin reshen AB) . C a cikin reshen CD) Ƙarfin da aka tattara yayin zagayowar ya yi daidai da yankunan orange da shuɗi (EdD integral). Ƙarfin da aka tattara shi Nd shine bambanci tsakanin shigarwa da makamashin fitarwa, watau kawai yankin orange a cikin fig. 1 b. Wannan zagaye na Olson na musamman yana ba da ƙarfin ƙarfin Nd na 1.78 J cm-3. Zagayen Stirling shine madadin zagayowar Olson (Ƙarin bayanin kula 7). Domin ana samun sauƙin kai ga matakin cajin akai-akai (buɗewar kewayawa), ƙarfin ƙarfin da aka samo daga siffa 1b (zagayen zagayowar AB'CD) ya kai 1.25 J cm-3. Wannan shine kawai 70% na abin da zagayowar Olson zai iya tattarawa, amma kayan girbi mai sauƙi yana yin hakan.
Bugu da ƙari, mun auna makamashin da aka tattara kai tsaye a lokacin zagayowar Olson ta hanyar ƙarfafa PST MLC ta amfani da matakin kula da zafin jiki na Linkam da mita mai tushe (hanyar). Hoto na 1c a saman kuma a cikin insets daban-daban yana nuna halin yanzu (ja) da ƙarfin lantarki (baƙar fata) waɗanda aka tattara akan PST MLC mai kauri 1 mm kamar yadda madauki DE ke tafiya ta wannan zagayowar Olson. A halin yanzu da ƙarfin lantarki suna ba da damar ƙididdige ƙarfin da aka tattara, kuma ana nuna maƙallan a cikin fig. 1c, kasa (kore) da zafin jiki (rawaya) a ko'ina cikin zagayowar. Haruffa ABCD suna wakiltar zagayowar Olson iri ɗaya a cikin siffa 1. Cajin MLC yana faruwa a lokacin ƙafar AB kuma ana aiwatar da shi a ƙaramin halin yanzu (200 µA), don haka SourceMeter zai iya sarrafa caji da kyau. Sakamakon wannan madaidaicin farkon halin yanzu shine cewa lanƙwan ƙarfin lantarki (baƙar fata) ba ta layi ba ce saboda ƙarancin matsuguni na D PST (Fig. 1c, saman inset). A ƙarshen caji, ana adana 30mJ na makamashin lantarki a cikin MLC (maki B). MLC sai yayi zafi kuma an samar da wani mummunan halin yanzu (sabili da haka mummunan halin yanzu) yayin da ƙarfin lantarki ya kasance a 600 V. Bayan 40 s, lokacin da zafin jiki ya kai tudu na 90 ° C, an biya wannan halin yanzu, kodayake samfurin mataki. samar da wutar lantarki na 35 mJ a cikin da'irar a lokacin wannan isofield (na biyu a cikin Fig. 1c, saman). Wutar lantarki a kan MLC (CD reshe) an rage sa'an nan, yana haifar da ƙarin 60 mJ na aikin lantarki. Jimlar ƙarfin fitarwa shine 95mJ. Ƙarfin da aka tattara shine bambanci tsakanin shigarwa da makamashin fitarwa, wanda ke ba da 95 - 30 = 65 mJ. Wannan yayi daidai da ƙarfin kuzari na 1.84 J cm-3, wanda ke kusa da Nd da aka fitar daga zoben DE. An gwada sake fasalin wannan zagayowar Olson (Ƙarin bayanin kula 4). Ta hanyar ƙara ƙarfin ƙarfin lantarki da zafin jiki, mun sami 4.43 J cm-3 ta amfani da hawan Olsen a cikin kauri na 0.5 mm PST MLC akan kewayon zafin jiki na 750 V (195 kV cm-1) da 175 ° C (Ƙarin bayanin 5). Wannan shine sau hudu mafi girma fiye da mafi kyawun aikin da aka ruwaito a cikin wallafe-wallafen don hawan hawan Olson kai tsaye kuma an samo shi akan fina-finai na bakin ciki na Pb (Mg, Nb) O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) (1.06 J cm-3) 18 (cm . Karin bayani). Table 1 don ƙarin ƙima a cikin wallafe-wallafe). An kai wannan aikin saboda ƙarancin ɗigon ruwa na waɗannan MLCs (<10-7 A a 750 V da 180 °C, duba cikakkun bayanai a Ƙarin Bayanin 6)—mahimmin batu da Smith et al.19 ya ambata—ya bambanta zuwa kayan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin binciken farko17,20. An kai wannan aikin saboda ƙarancin ɗigon ruwa na waɗannan MLCs (<10-7 A a 750 V da 180 °C, duba cikakkun bayanai a Ƙarin Bayanin 6)—mahimmin batu da Smith et al.19 ya ambata—ya bambanta zuwa kayan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin binciken farko17,20. Wannan nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i) 750 лнительном примечании 6) - критический момент, упомянутый Смитом и др. 19 — в отличие от к материалам, использованным в более ранних исследованиях17,20. An sami waɗannan halayen saboda ƙarancin ɗigon ruwa na waɗannan MLCs (<10-7 A a 750 V da 180 ° C, duba Ƙarin Bayanan kula 6 don cikakkun bayanai) - muhimmin batu da Smith et al ya ambata. 19 - ya bambanta da kayan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin binciken farko17,20.MLC提到的关键点——相比之下，已经达到了这种性能到早期研究中使用的材料17,20。由于 些 mlc 的 泄漏 非常 （在 在 在 750 V 和 180 ° C 时 <10-7 A ， ） - 等 人 19 提到 关键 关键 点 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下早期研究中使用的材料17.20. Поскольку ток утчки этих MLC низky (<10–7 А 750 В и 180 ° C, см. подробности в дополничи 6) момент, упомянутый Смитом и др. 19 - dlyya sravnenyya, bыly dostygnutы эty harakteristyki. Tun da yayyowar waɗannan MLCs yayi ƙasa sosai (<10-7 A a 750 V da 180 °C, duba Ƙarin Bayanan kula 6 don cikakkun bayanai) - mahimmin batu da Smith et al. 19 - don kwatanta, an cimma waɗannan ayyukan.zuwa kayan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin binciken farko 17,20.
Sharuɗɗa iri ɗaya (600 V, 20-90 ° C) da aka yi amfani da su zuwa zagayowar Stirling (Ƙarin bayanin kula 7). Kamar yadda ake tsammani daga sakamakon zagayowar DE, yawan amfanin ƙasa ya kasance 41.0mJ. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi dacewa na Stirling cycles shine ikon su na haɓaka ƙarfin farko ta hanyar tasirin thermoelectric. Mun lura da karuwar wutar lantarki har zuwa 39 (daga farkon ƙarfin lantarki na 15 V zuwa ƙarshen ƙarfin lantarki har zuwa 590 V, duba Hoton Ƙarin 7.2).
Wani fasalin da ya bambanta waɗannan MLCs shine cewa su abubuwa ne masu girman gaske don tattara makamashi a cikin kewayon joule. Saboda haka, mun gina samfurin girbi (HARV1) ta yin amfani da 28 MLC PST 1 mm lokacin farin ciki, bin wannan nau'in faranti iri ɗaya da Torello et al.14 ya bayyana, a cikin matrix 7 × 4 kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Fig. Ruwan dielectric mai ɗaukar zafi a ciki. Famfu na ɓarna yana ɓarke ​​​​da yawa tsakanin tafkuna biyu inda zafin ruwa ya kasance akai-akai (hanyar). Tattara har zuwa 3.1 J ta amfani da zagayowar Olson da aka kwatanta a cikin fig. 2a, yankunan isothermal a 10 ° C da 125 ° C da yankunan isofield a 0 da 750 V (195 kV cm-1). Wannan yayi daidai da ƙarfin ƙarfin 3.14 J cm-3. Yin amfani da wannan haɗuwa, an ɗauki ma'auni a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban (Fig. 2b). Lura cewa an samu 1.8 J akan kewayon zafin jiki na 80 ° C da ƙarfin lantarki na 600 V (155 kV cm-1). Wannan yana cikin kyakkyawar yarjejeniya tare da 65 mJ da aka ambata a baya don 1 mm lokacin farin ciki PST MLC a ƙarƙashin yanayi guda (28 × 65 = 1820 mJ).
a, Saitin gwaji na samfurin HARV1 da aka haɗa bisa tushen 28 MLC PSTs 1 mm kauri (layuka 4 × ginshiƙai 7) yana gudana akan zagayowar Olson. Ga kowane matakan zagaye huɗu, ana ba da zafin jiki da ƙarfin lantarki a cikin samfuri. Kwamfutar tana fitar da famfon mai daɗaɗɗa wanda ke zagayawa da ruwa mai ƙarfi tsakanin ruwan sanyi da zafi, bawuloli biyu, da tushen wuta. Har ila yau, kwamfutar tana amfani da thermocouples don tattara bayanai kan ƙarfin lantarki da halin yanzu da ake kawowa ga samfurin da kuma yanayin zafi na haɗuwa daga wutar lantarki. b, Energy (launi) wanda aka tattara ta samfurin mu na 4 × 7 MLC tare da kewayon zafin jiki (X-axis) da ƙarfin lantarki (Y-axis) a cikin gwaje-gwaje daban-daban.
Babban sigar mai girbi (HARV2) tare da 60 PST MLC 1 mm lokacin farin ciki da 160 PST MLC 0.5 mm lokacin farin ciki (41.7 g mai aiki pyroelectric abu) ya ba 11.2 J (Ƙarin bayanin kula 8). A cikin 1984, Olsen ya yi mai girbin makamashi bisa 317 g na tin-doped Pb (Zr,Ti) O3 fili mai iya samar da 6.23 J na wutar lantarki a zazzabi na kusan 150 ° C (Ref. 21). Don wannan haɗin, wannan ita ce kawai sauran ƙimar da ake samu a cikin kewayon joule. Ya sami fiye da rabin ƙimar da muka samu kuma kusan sau bakwai inganci. Wannan yana nufin cewa ƙarfin ƙarfin HARV2 ya ninka sau 13 mafi girma.
Lokacin zagayowar HARV1 shine sakan 57. Wannan ya samar da 54mW na iko tare da layuka 4 na ginshiƙai 7 na saitin MLC mai kauri 1 mm. Don ɗaukar shi mataki ɗaya gaba, mun gina haɗin na uku (HARV3) tare da PST MLC mai kauri 0.5mm da irin wannan saitin zuwa HARV1 da HARV2 (Ƙarin bayanin kula 9). Mun auna lokacin thermalization na 12.5 seconds. Wannan yayi daidai da lokacin sake zagayowar 25 s (Ƙarin Hoton 9). Ƙarfin da aka tattara (47 mJ) yana ba da wutar lantarki na 1.95 mW a kowace MLC, wanda hakan ya ba mu damar tunanin cewa HARV2 yana samar da 0.55 W (kimanin 1.95 mW × 280 PST MLC 0.5 mm lokacin farin ciki). Bugu da kari, mun kwaikwayi canja wurin zafi ta amfani da Simulation na Ƙarshe (COMSOL, Ƙarin Bayani na 10 da Ƙarin Tables 2-4) wanda ya dace da gwaje-gwajen HARV1. Ƙimar ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙirar ƙira ya ba da damar yin hasashen ƙimar wutar lantarki kusan tsari na girma mafi girma (430mW) don adadin ginshiƙan PST iri ɗaya ta hanyar rage MLC zuwa 0.2 mm, ta amfani da ruwa azaman mai sanyaya, da maido da matrix zuwa layuka 7. . × 4 ginshiƙai (ban da , akwai 960 mW lokacin da tanki yana kusa da haɗuwa, Ƙarin Hoto 10b).
Don nuna fa'idar wannan mai tarawa, an yi amfani da sake zagayowar Stirling zuwa mai nunin tsaye wanda ya ƙunshi kauri biyu na PST MLC na 0.5 mm kawai a matsayin masu tara zafi, babban ƙarfin wutar lantarki, ƙaramin wutan lantarki tare da capacitor ajiya, mai canza DC/DC , ƙaramin iko microcontroller, thermocouples guda biyu da mai canzawa (Ƙarin bayanin kula 11). Da'irar tana buƙatar fara cajin capacitor na ajiya a 9V sannan yana gudana kai tsaye yayin da zafin jiki na MLC guda biyu ya tashi daga -5°C zuwa 85°C, anan cikin hawan keke na 160s (ana nuna zagayowar da yawa a Ƙarin Bayani na 11) . Abin mamaki, MLC guda biyu masu nauyin 0.3g kawai zasu iya sarrafa wannan babban tsarin kai tsaye. Wani fasali mai ban sha'awa shi ne cewa ƙaramin mai jujjuya wutar lantarki yana iya juyar da 400V zuwa 10-15V tare da inganci 79% (Ƙarin bayanin kula 11 da Ƙarin Hoto 11.3).
A ƙarshe, mun ƙididdige ingancin waɗannan samfuran MLC wajen canza makamashin thermal zuwa makamashin lantarki. An bayyana ma'anar ingancin η inganci azaman rabon ƙarfin ƙarfin lantarki da aka tattara zuwa ƙimar Qin ɗin zafi da aka kawo (Ƙarin bayanin kula 12):
Figures 3a,b suna nuna ingancin η da daidaitattun daidaito ηr na zagayowar Olsen, bi da bi, a matsayin aikin yanayin zafin jiki na 0.5 mm PST MLC mai kauri. Dukansu bayanan bayanan an ba su don filin lantarki na 195 kV cm-1. Ingancin \ (\ wannan \) ya kai 1.43%, wanda yayi daidai da 18% na ηr. Duk da haka, don kewayon zafin jiki na 10 K daga 25 ° C zuwa 35 ° C, ηr ya kai darajar har zuwa 40% (lawan shuɗi a cikin siffa 3b). Wannan shine sau biyu sanannen darajar kayan NLP da aka rubuta a cikin fina-finai na PMN-PT (ηr = 19%) a cikin kewayon zafin jiki na 10 K da 300 kV cm-1 (Ref. 18). Yanayin zafin jiki a ƙasa 10 K ba a yi la'akari da shi ba saboda yanayin zafi na PST MLC yana tsakanin 5 da 8 K. Sanin tasiri mai kyau na canje-canje na lokaci akan inganci yana da mahimmanci. A zahiri, mafi kyawun ƙimar η da ηr kusan duk ana samun su a farkon zafin jiki Ti = 25 ° C a cikin Figs. 3 a,b ku. Wannan ya faru ne saboda canjin lokaci na kusa lokacin da ba a yi amfani da filin ba kuma Curie zafin jiki na TC yana kusa da 20 ° C a cikin waɗannan MLCs (Ƙarin bayanin kula 13).
a,b, yadda ya dace η da kuma daidaito daidai gwargwado na zagayowar Olson (a)\({\eta }_{{\rm{r}}}=\eta /{\eta}_{{\rm{Carnot} } don matsakaicin wutar lantarki ta filin 195 kV cm-1 da yanayin zafi daban-daban Ti, }} \, \) (b) don kauri MPC PST 0.5 mm, ya danganta da tazarar zafin jiki ΔTspan.
Lura na ƙarshe yana da mahimman abubuwa guda biyu: (1) duk wani ingantaccen keken keke dole ne ya fara a yanayin zafi sama da TC don canjin lokaci mai haifar da filin (daga wutar lantarki zuwa ferroelectric) don faruwa; (2) waɗannan kayan sun fi dacewa a lokutan gudu kusa da TC. Ko da yake ana nuna ingantaccen aiki mai girma a cikin gwaje-gwajenmu, iyakataccen kewayon zafin jiki ba ya ƙyale mu mu cimma manyan ingantattun ingantattun ayyuka saboda iyakar Carnot (\(\Delta T/T \)). Koyaya, ingantacciyar inganci da waɗannan PST MLCs suka nuna ya ba wa Olsen lokacin da ya ambaci cewa "mafi kyawun aji 20 mai sabunta injin thermoelectric da ke aiki a yanayin zafi tsakanin 50 ° C da 250 ° C na iya samun inganci na 30%"17. Don isa waɗannan dabi'u da gwada ra'ayi, zai zama da amfani don amfani da PSTs masu dorewa tare da TC daban-daban, kamar yadda Shebanov da Borman suka yi nazari. Sun nuna cewa TC a cikin PST na iya bambanta daga 3 ° C (Sb doping) zuwa 33 ° C (Ti doping) 22 . Sabili da haka, muna tsammanin cewa masu sake samar da wutar lantarki na gaba na gaba bisa doped PST MLCs ko wasu kayan da ke da ƙaƙƙarfan tsari na farko na canji na iya yin gasa tare da mafi kyawun masu girbin wutar lantarki.
A cikin wannan binciken, mun bincika MLC da aka yi daga PST. Waɗannan na'urori sun ƙunshi jerin na'urorin lantarki na Pt da PST, inda ake haɗa capacitors da yawa a layi daya. An zaɓi PST saboda kyakkyawan kayan EC ne don haka yuwuwar ingantaccen kayan NLP. Yana nuna kaifi na farko-oda ferroelectric-paraelectric lokaci canji a kusa da 20 °C, nuna cewa entropy canje-canje sun yi kama da waɗanda aka nuna a cikin siffa. 1. Irin MLCs an bayyana cikakken bayani ga EC13,14 na'urorin. A cikin wannan binciken, mun yi amfani da 10.4 × 7.2 × 1 mm³ da 10.4 × 7.2 × 0.5 mm³ MLCs. MLCs tare da kauri na 1 mm da 0.5 mm an yi su daga 19 da 9 yadudduka na PST tare da kauri na 38.6 µm, bi da bi. A cikin duka biyun, an sanya Layer PST na ciki tsakanin 2.05 µm lokacin kauri na platinum. Tsarin waɗannan MLCs yana ɗauka cewa 55% na PSTs suna aiki, daidai da ɓangaren da ke tsakanin na'urorin lantarki (Ƙarin bayanin kula 1). Wurin lantarki mai aiki shine 48.7 mm2 (Ƙarin Tebu 5). An shirya MLC PST ta hanyar ingantaccen lokaci da hanyar simintin gyare-gyare. An bayyana cikakkun bayanai game da tsarin shirye-shiryen a cikin labarin da ya gabata14. Ɗaya daga cikin bambance-bambance tsakanin PST MLC da labarin da ya gabata shine tsari na shafukan B, wanda ke rinjayar aikin EC a cikin PST. Tsarin B-sites na PST MLC shine 0.75 (Ƙarin Bayani na 2) wanda aka samu ta hanyar sintiri a 1400 ° C tare da ɗaruruwan sa'o'i masu tsayi a 1000 ° C. Don ƙarin bayani kan PST MLC, duba Ƙarin Bayanan kula 1-3 da Ƙarin Tebur 5.
Babban manufar wannan binciken ya dogara ne akan zagayowar Olson (Fig. 1). Don irin wannan sake zagayowar, muna buƙatar tafki mai zafi da sanyi da kuma samar da wutar lantarki mai iya kulawa da sarrafa wutar lantarki da halin yanzu a cikin nau'o'in MLC daban-daban. Waɗannan zagayowar kai tsaye sun yi amfani da jeri guda biyu daban-daban, wato (1) Modulolin Linkam dumama da sanyaya MLC ɗaya da aka haɗa da tushen wutar lantarki na Keithley 2410, da (2) samfura uku (HARV1, HARV2 da HARV3) a layi daya tare da makamashin tushe iri ɗaya. A cikin akwati na ƙarshe, an yi amfani da ruwa mai dielectric (man silicone tare da danko na 5 cP a 25 ° C, wanda aka saya daga Sigma Aldrich) don musayar zafi tsakanin tafkunan biyu (zafi da sanyi) da MLC. Tafkin thermal yana kunshe da kwandon gilashin da aka cika da ruwan dielectric kuma an sanya shi a saman farantin thermal. Ajiye sanyi ya ƙunshi wankan ruwa tare da bututun ruwa mai ɗauke da ruwan dielectric a cikin babban kwandon filastik cike da ruwa da kankara. An sanya bawuloli biyu na tsunkule guda uku (wanda aka saya daga Bio-Chem Fluidics) a kowane ƙarshen haɗa don canza ruwa yadda ya kamata daga wannan tafki zuwa wani (Hoto 2a). Don tabbatar da ma'aunin zafi tsakanin fakitin PST-MLC da mai sanyaya, an tsawaita lokacin sake zagayowar har sai da ma'aunin ma'aunin mashiga da fitarwa (kamar yadda zai yiwu ga kunshin PST-MLC) ya nuna zafin jiki iri ɗaya. Rubutun Python yana sarrafa kuma yana aiki tare da duk kayan aikin (mitar tushen, famfo, bawuloli, da thermocouples) don gudanar da zagayowar Olson daidai, watau coolant madauki yana fara hawan keke ta cikin tari na PST bayan an caje ma'aunin tushe ta yadda za su yi zafi yadda ake so. amfani da ƙarfin lantarki don sake zagayowar Olson.
A madadin, mun tabbatar da waɗannan ma'auni kai tsaye na makamashi da aka tattara tare da hanyoyin kai tsaye. Wadannan hanyoyin kai tsaye sun dogara ne akan sauyawar wutar lantarki (D) - madaukai na filin lantarki (E) da aka tattara a yanayin zafi daban-daban, kuma ta hanyar ƙididdige wuri tsakanin madaukai DE guda biyu, za a iya kimanta daidai yawan makamashin da za a iya tattara, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin adadi. . cikin hoto 2. 1b. Ana kuma tattara waɗannan madaukai na DE ta amfani da mitoci masu tushe na Keithley.
PST MLCs mai kauri 28 mm 28 an haɗa su a cikin jeri 4-jere, 7-column layi daya da tsarin faranti bisa ga ƙirar da aka kwatanta a cikin tunani. 14. Ratar ruwa tsakanin layuka PST-MLC shine 0.75mm. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar ƙara tef ɗin tef mai gefe biyu azaman masu sarari ruwa a kusa da gefuna na PST MLC. An haɗa PST MLC ta hanyar lantarki a layi daya tare da gadar epoxy ta azurfa a cikin hulɗa tare da jagoran lantarki. Bayan haka, an manne wayoyi tare da resin epoxy na azurfa a kowane gefe na tashoshin lantarki don haɗa wutar lantarki. A ƙarshe, saka dukkan tsarin a cikin bututun polyolefin. Ƙarshen yana manne da bututun ruwa don tabbatar da hatimi mai kyau. A ƙarshe, 0.25 mm kauri nau'in thermocouples K-nau'in an gina su a cikin kowane ƙarshen tsarin PST-MLC don lura da yanayin shigar ruwa da fitarwa. Don yin wannan, tiyo dole ne a fara rami. Bayan shigar da thermocouple, a yi amfani da manne iri ɗaya kamar yadda aka saba tsakanin tiyon thermocouple da waya don dawo da hatimin.
An gina samfura daban-daban guda takwas, huɗu daga cikinsu suna da MLC PST masu kauri 40 0.5 mm waɗanda aka rarraba a matsayin faranti na layi ɗaya tare da ginshiƙai 5 da layuka 8, sauran huɗun kuma suna da MLC PSTs mai kauri 15 mm 15 kowanne. a cikin 3-column × 5-jere layi daya tsarin farantin. Jimlar adadin PST MLCs da aka yi amfani da su shine 220 (kauri 160 0.5 mm da kauri 60 PST MLC 1 mm). Muna kiran waɗannan sassan biyu HARV2_160 da HARV2_60. Rawar ruwa a cikin samfurin HARV2_160 ya ƙunshi kaset masu gefe biyu masu kauri 0.25 mm tare da kauri mai waya 0.25 mm a tsakanin su. Don samfurin HARV2_60, mun maimaita hanya iri ɗaya, amma ta amfani da waya mai kauri 0.38 mm. Don daidaitawa, HARV2_160 da HARV2_60 suna da nasu madaurin ruwa, famfo, bawuloli da gefen sanyi (Ƙarin bayanin kula 8). Raka'a HARV2 guda biyu suna raba tafki mai zafi, akwati mai lita 3 (30 cm x 20 cm x 5 cm) akan faranti guda biyu masu zafi tare da maganadiso masu juyawa. Dukkan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan guda takwas suna haɗe ta hanyar lantarki a layi daya. Ƙungiyoyin HARV2_160 da HARV2_60 suna aiki lokaci guda a cikin zagayowar Olson wanda ya haifar da girbin makamashi na 11.2 J.
Sanya PST MLC mai kauri 0.5mm cikin bututun polyolefin tare da tef mai gefe biyu da waya a bangarorin biyu don ƙirƙirar sarari don ruwa ya gudana. Saboda ƙananan girmansa, samfurin an sanya shi kusa da bawul ɗin tafki mai zafi ko sanyi, yana rage lokutan zagayowar.
A cikin PST MLC, ana amfani da wutar lantarki akai-akai ta hanyar amfani da wutar lantarki akai-akai zuwa reshen dumama. A sakamakon haka, ana haifar da mummunan yanayin zafi kuma ana adana makamashi. Bayan dumama PST MLC, an cire filin (V = 0), kuma ana mayar da makamashin da aka adana a cikin shi zuwa ga ma'auni na tushe, wanda ya dace da wani taimako na makamashi da aka tattara. A ƙarshe, tare da ƙarfin lantarki V = 0 da aka yi amfani da su, MLC PSTs ana sanyaya su zuwa zafin farko don sake sake zagayowar. A wannan mataki, ba a tattara makamashi. Mun gudanar da sake zagayowar Olsen ta amfani da Keithley 2410 SourceMeter, muna cajin PST MLC daga tushen wutar lantarki da saita wasan na yanzu zuwa ƙimar da ta dace domin an tattara isassun maki yayin lokacin caji don ingantaccen lissafin makamashi.
A cikin hawan keke na Stirling, PST MLCs an caje su a cikin yanayin tushen wutar lantarki a ƙimar filin lantarki na farko (voltage na farko Vi> 0), abin da ake so a halin yanzu don matakin caji ya ɗauki kusan 1 s (kuma an tattara isassun maki don ingantaccen ƙididdigewa na makamashi) da kuma yanayin sanyi. A cikin hawan keke na Stirling, PST MLCs an caje su a cikin yanayin tushen wutar lantarki a ƙimar filin lantarki na farko (voltage na farko Vi> 0), abin da ake so a halin yanzu don matakin caji ya ɗauki kusan 1 s (kuma an tattara isassun maki don ingantaccen ƙididdigewa na makamashi) da kuma yanayin sanyi. В циклах Стирлинга PST MLC заряжались в режиме источника напряжения при начальном значении электрического поля (начальное напряжение Vi > 0), желаемом податливом токе, так что этап зарядки занимает около 1 с (и набирается достаточное количество точек для надежного расчета энергия) и холодная температура. A cikin zagayowar Stirling PST MLC, an caje su a cikin yanayin tushen wutar lantarki a ƙimar farko na filin lantarki (voltage na farko Vi> 0), yawan amfanin da ake so a halin yanzu, ta yadda matakin caji ya ɗauki kusan 1 s (da isashen lamba). na maki ana tattara don ingantaccen lissafin makamashi) da zafin jiki mai sanyi.在斯特林循环中， PST MLC步骤大约需要1 秒（并且收集了足够的点以可靠地计算能量）和低温. A cikin babban sake zagayowar, ana caje PST MLC a ƙimar filin lantarki na farko (na farko ƙarfin lantarki Vi> 0) a cikin yanayin tushen wutar lantarki, ta yadda abin da ake buƙata na yanzu yana ɗaukar kusan 1 seconds don matakin caji (kuma mun tattara isassun maki zuwa dogaro da lissafi (makamashi) da ƙananan zafin jiki. Вцикле стирлинга Pst MLC заряачеточачяеженогесапиное напрето Пло (начаыре Wире Ебуемымымымымымылистодапототопотоватоваетиото запкое ОАбиаповаптапвоповае Оличогонолио чточичирарлиаповаповчетсое Колиапов Обылиютать энерг и Низкие Температупоратуры . A cikin sake zagayowar Stirling, ana cajin PST MLC a cikin yanayin tushen wutar lantarki tare da ƙimar farko na filin lantarki (voltage na farko Vi> 0), abin da ake buƙata na halin yanzu shine matakin caji yana ɗaukar kusan 1 s (da isashen lamba). ana tattara maki don dogaro da dogaro da kuzari) da ƙananan yanayin zafi.Kafin PST MLC yayi zafi, buɗe da'irar ta amfani da madaidaicin halin yanzu na I = 0 mA (mafi ƙarancin madaidaicin halin yanzu wanda tushen ma'aunin mu zai iya ɗauka shine 10 nA). A sakamakon haka, cajin ya kasance a cikin PST na MJK, kuma ƙarfin lantarki yana ƙaruwa yayin da samfurin yayi zafi. Ba a tattara makamashi a hannu BC saboda I = 0 mA. Bayan kai babban zafin jiki, ƙarfin lantarki a cikin MLT FT yana ƙaruwa (a wasu lokuta fiye da sau 30, duba ƙarin fig. 7.2), an cire MLK FT (V = 0), kuma ana adana makamashin lantarki a cikinsu don iri ɗaya. kamar yadda suka kasance farkon cajin. Ana mayar da wasiƙun na yanzu zuwa ga tushen-mita. Sakamakon samun wutar lantarki, ƙarfin da aka adana a babban zafin jiki ya fi abin da aka bayar a farkon zagayowar. Sakamakon haka, ana samun makamashi ta hanyar canza zafi zuwa wutar lantarki.
Mun yi amfani da Keithley 2410 SourceMeter don saka idanu da ƙarfin lantarki da halin yanzu da ake amfani da su zuwa PST MLC. Ana ƙididdige ƙarfin da ya dace ta hanyar haɗa samfurin ƙarfin lantarki da na yanzu wanda Keithley's source meter ya karanta, \ (E = {\int }_{0}^{\tau }{I}_({\rm {meas))}\ hagu (t \ dama) {V}_{{\rm{meas}}} (t)\), inda τ shine lokacin lokacin. A kan tsarin makamashin mu, ƙimar makamashi mai kyau yana nufin makamashin da za mu ba da MLC PST, kuma munanan dabi'u suna nufin makamashin da muke cirewa daga gare su don haka makamashin da aka karɓa. Ƙarfin dangi don sake zagayowar tarin da aka ba shi ana ƙaddara ta hanyar rarraba makamashin da aka tattara ta tsawon lokacin τ na duka zagayen.
Ana gabatar da duk bayanai a cikin babban rubutu ko a ƙarin bayani. Haruffa da buƙatun kayan ya kamata a tura su zuwa tushen bayanan AT ko ED da aka bayar tare da wannan labarin.
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Muna godiya ga N. Furusawa, Y. Inoue, da K. Honda saboda taimakon da suka bayar wajen samar da MLC. PL, AT, YN, AA, JL, UP, VK, OB da ED Godiya ga Luxembourg National Research Foundation (FNR) don tallafawa wannan aikin ta hanyar CAMELHEAT C17/MS/11703691/Defay, MASSENA PRIDE/15/10935404/Defay- Siebentritt, THERMODIMAT C20/MS/14718071/Defay da BRIDGES2021/MS/16282302/CECOHA/Defay.
Ma'aikatar Bincike da Fasaha ta Materials, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Luxembourg (LIST), Belvoir, Luxembourg