Aluminum shi ne ƙarfe mafi yawa a duniya kuma shine kashi na uku mafi yawan al'ada wanda ya ƙunshi kashi 8% na ɓawon ƙasa.Ƙarfin aluminum ya sa ya zama ƙarfe da aka fi amfani da shi bayan karfe.

Samar da Aluminum

Aluminum an samo shi daga ma'adinai bauxite.An canza Bauxite zuwa aluminum oxide (alumina) ta hanyar Tsarin Bayer.Daga nan ana canza alumina zuwa ƙarfe na aluminum ta amfani da ƙwayoyin lantarki da kuma Tsarin Hall-Heroult.

Buƙatar Aluminum na shekara-shekara

Bukatar aluminium a duk duniya yana kusan tan miliyan 29 a kowace shekara.Kimanin tan miliyan 22 sabon aluminum ne kuma ton miliyan 7 ana sake yin fa'ida ga al'aura.Amfani da aluminium da aka sake fa'ida yana da karfin tattalin arziki da muhalli.Yana ɗaukar 14,000 kWh don samar da tan 1 na sabon aluminum.Sabanin haka yana ɗaukar kashi 5% na wannan don sake narkewa da sake sarrafa ton ɗaya na aluminium.Babu wani bambanci a cikin inganci tsakanin budurwa da alwayoyin aluminum da aka sake yin fa'ida.

Aikace-aikace na Aluminum

Tsaftacealuminumyana da taushi, ductile, juriya na lalata kuma yana da babban ƙarfin lantarki.Ana amfani dashi da yawa don foil da igiyoyi masu sarrafawa, amma haɗawa tare da wasu abubuwa ya zama dole don samar da mafi girman ƙarfin da ake buƙata don sauran aikace-aikacen.Aluminum yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan ƙarfe na injiniya, yana da ƙarfi zuwa nauyin nauyi fiye da karfe.

Ta hanyar amfani da haɗe-haɗe daban-daban na fa'idodin kaddarorin sa kamar ƙarfi, haske, juriya na lalata, sake yin amfani da su da haɓakawa, ana amfani da aluminum a cikin ƙara yawan aikace-aikace.Wannan jeri na samfuran ya tashi daga kayan gini har zuwa foils na bakin ciki.

Alamar Zayyana

Aluminum an fi haɗa shi da jan karfe, zinc, magnesium, silicon, manganese da lithium.Hakanan ana yin ƙananan abubuwan da aka ƙara na chromium, titanium, zirconium, gubar, bismuth da nickel kuma baƙin ƙarfe yana kasancewa a cikin ƙananan adadi.

Akwai sama da 300 da aka yi gyare-gyare tare da 50 na gama gari.Ana gano su ta hanyar tsari guda huɗu waɗanda suka samo asali daga Amurka kuma yanzu an yarda da su a duk duniya.Teburin 1 yana kwatanta tsarin da aka yi da kayan aiki.Abubuwan simintin gyare-gyare suna da irin wannan nadi kuma suna amfani da tsarin lambobi biyar.

Tebur 1.Abubuwan da aka tsara don kayan aikin aluminum.

Don allunan aluminium ɗin da ba a haɗa su ba wanda aka keɓance 1XXX, lambobi biyu na ƙarshe suna wakiltar tsarkin ƙarfe.Suna daidai da lambobi biyu na ƙarshe bayan madaidaicin ƙima lokacin da aka bayyana tsarkin aluminum zuwa kashi 0.01 mafi kusa.Lamba na biyu yana nuna gyare-gyare a cikin iyakokin ƙazanta.Idan lamba ta biyu ba ta zama sifili ba, yana nuna aluminium ɗin da ba a haɗa shi da shi yana da iyakokin ƙazanta na halitta da 1 zuwa 9, yana nuna ƙazanta ɗaya ko abubuwa masu haɗawa.

Don ƙungiyoyin 2XXX zuwa 8XXX, lambobi biyu na ƙarshe sun gano nau'ikan aluminium daban-daban a cikin ƙungiyar.Lamba na biyu yana nuna gyare-gyaren gami.Lambobi na biyu na sifili yana nuna ainihin gami da lamba 1 zuwa 9 suna nuna gyare-gyaren gami a jere.

Abubuwan Jiki na Aluminum

Girman Aluminum

Aluminum yana da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ƙarfe ko tagulla yana mai da shi ɗaya daga cikin mafi sauƙi da ake samu a kasuwa.Sakamakon babban ƙarfi zuwa rabo mai nauyi ya sa ya zama muhimmin kayan tsarin da ke ba da damar ƙara yawan kaya ko tanadin mai don masana'antar sufuri musamman.

Ƙarfin Aluminum

Aluminum mai tsafta ba shi da babban ƙarfi.Duk da haka, ƙari na abubuwan haɗakarwa kamar manganese, silicon, jan karfe da magnesium na iya ƙara ƙarfin ƙarfin aluminum kuma ya samar da gami tare da kaddarorin da aka keɓance ga takamaiman aikace-aikace.

Aluminumya dace da yanayin sanyi.Yana da fa'ida akan ƙarfe a cikin cewa 'ƙarfin ƙarfinsa yana ƙaruwa tare da rage zafin jiki yayin riƙe taurinsa.Karfe a daya bangaren kuma yakan yi karyewa a yanayin zafi kadan.

Lalata Juriya na Aluminum

Lokacin da aka fallasa zuwa iska, Layer na aluminum oxide yana yin kusan nan take a saman aluminium.Wannan Layer yana da kyakkyawan juriya ga lalata.Yana da tsayin daka ga yawancin acid amma ƙasa da juriya ga alkalis.

Thermal Conductivity na Aluminum

Thermal conductivity na aluminum ya kusan sau uku fiye da na karfe.Wannan ya sa aluminum ya zama muhimmin abu don duka sanyaya da aikace-aikacen dumama irin su masu musayar zafi.Haɗe da kasancewarsa mara guba wannan kadarar tana nufin ana amfani da aluminum sosai a cikin kayan dafa abinci da kayan dafa abinci.

Wutar Lantarki na Aluminum

Tare da jan karfe, aluminum yana da wutar lantarki mai girma wanda zai isa a yi amfani da shi azaman jagoran lantarki.Ko da yake conductivity na abin da aka saba amfani da conducting gami (1350) ne kawai a kusa da 62% na annealed jan karfe, shi ne kawai daya bisa uku na nauyi da kuma iya sabili da haka yana iya sarrafa ninki biyu na wutar lantarki idan aka kwatanta da jan karfe na wannan nauyi.

Nunin Aluminum

Daga UV zuwa infra-red, aluminium kyakkyawan haske ne na makamashi mai haske.Hasken haske na bayyane na kusan 80% yana nufin ana amfani dashi ko'ina a cikin kayan aikin haske.Guda Properties na reflectivity saaluminummanufa a matsayin abin rufe fuska don karewa daga hasken rana a lokacin rani, yayin da ke hana asarar zafi a cikin hunturu.

Table 2.Properties na aluminum.

Kayan Aikin Aluminum

Aluminum na iya zama nakasa sosai ba tare da gazawa ba.Wannan yana ba da damar samar da aluminum ta hanyar mirgina, fitar da kaya, zane, injiniyoyi da sauran hanyoyin injiniya.Hakanan za'a iya jefa shi zuwa babban haƙuri.

Alloying, sanyi aiki da zafi-magani duk za a iya amfani da su don daidaita kaddarorin aluminum.

Ƙarfin ƙaƙƙarfan aluminium mai tsafta yana kusa da 90 MPa amma ana iya ƙara wannan zuwa sama da 690 MPa don wasu gami da za a iya magance zafi.

Matsayin Aluminum

An maye gurbin tsohon ma'aunin BS1470 da ka'idojin EN tara.An ba da ka'idodin EN a cikin tebur 4.

Table 4.Matsayin EN don aluminum

Ka'idodin EN sun bambanta da tsohon ma'aunin, BS1470 a cikin yankuna masu zuwa:

• Abubuwan sinadaran - ba canzawa.
• Tsarin lambar allo - ba canzawa.
• Zane-zanen zafin zafin gami da za a iya magance zafi yanzu sun rufe kewayon zafi na musamman.Har zuwa lambobi huɗu bayan an gabatar da T don aikace-aikacen da ba daidai ba (misali T6151).
• Abubuwan da aka zayyana don abubuwan da ba za a iya magance zafi ba - zafin da ake ciki ba ya canzawa amma yanzu an fi fayyace husuma dangane da yadda aka halicce su.Mai laushi (O) fushi yanzu shine H111 kuma an gabatar da matsakaicin zafin H112.Don alloy 5251 fushi yanzu ana nuna su azaman H32/H34/H36/H38 (daidai da H22/H24, da sauransu).H19/H22 & H24 ana nuna su daban.
• Kaddarorin injina - sun kasance kama da alkalumman da suka gabata.0.2% Tabbatar da damuwa dole ne a yanzu a nakalto akan takaddun gwaji.
• An ƙarfafa haƙuri zuwa digiri daban-daban.
  

  Maganin Zafin Aluminum

  Za'a iya amfani da kewayon jiyya na zafi zuwa ga gami da aluminum:

  • Homogenisation - kawar da rabuwa ta hanyar dumama bayan jefawa.
  • Annealing - An yi amfani da shi bayan aikin sanyi don sassaukar da kayan aiki masu ƙarfi (1XXX, 3XXX da 5XXX).
  • Hazo ko taurin shekaru (alloys 2XXX, 6XXX da 7XXX).
  • Magani zafi magani kafin tsufa na hazo hardening gami.
  • Stoving for curing na coatings
  • Bayan maganin zafi ana ƙara ƙari ga lambobin ƙira.
  • Karin magana F na nufin "kamar yadda aka ƙirƙira".
  • O yana nufin "kayan aikin da aka rufe".
  • T yana nufin cewa an "mayar da zafi".
  • W yana nufin kayan an yi maganin zafi mai zafi.
  • H yana nufin abubuwan da ba za a iya magance zafi ba waɗanda "an yi aikin sanyi" ko "nauyi mai tauri".
  • Abubuwan da ba za a iya magance zafi ba sune waɗanda ke cikin ƙungiyoyin 3XXX, 4XXX da 5XXX.