Aluminum ita ce ƙarfe mafi yawa a duniya kuma ita ce sinadari na uku da ya fi yawa wanda ya ƙunshi kashi 8% na ɓawon duniya. Amfanin aluminum ya sa ya zama ƙarfe mafi amfani bayan ƙarfe.

Samar da Aluminum

Ana samun aluminum daga ma'adinan bauxite. Ana canza bauxite zuwa aluminum oxide (alumina) ta hanyar Bayer Process. Sannan ana canza alumina zuwa aluminum metal ta amfani da ƙwayoyin electrolytic da kuma Hall-Heroult Process.

Bukatar Aluminum ta Shekara-shekara

Bukatar aluminum a duk duniya tana kusa da tan miliyan 29 a kowace shekara. Kimanin tan miliyan 22 sabon aluminum ne, kuma tan miliyan 7 an sake yin amfani da shi ne da tarkacen aluminum. Amfani da aluminum da aka sake yin amfani da shi yana da tasiri a fannin tattalin arziki da muhalli. Yana ɗaukar kilowatt 14,000 don samar da tan 1 na sabon aluminum. Akasin haka, yana ɗaukar kashi 5% kawai don sake narkar da kuma sake yin amfani da tan ɗaya na aluminum. Babu bambanci a cikin inganci tsakanin ƙarfen aluminum mara kyau da na sake yin amfani da shi.

Aikace-aikacen Aluminum

TsarkakakkealuminumYana da laushi, mai jure tsatsa, kuma yana da juriya ga tsatsa kuma yana da ƙarfin wutar lantarki mai yawa. Ana amfani da shi sosai don kebul na foil da conductor, amma haɗa shi da wasu abubuwa yana da mahimmanci don samar da ƙarfin da ake buƙata don wasu aikace-aikace. Aluminum yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙarfe mafi sauƙi na injiniya, yana da rabon ƙarfi zuwa nauyi fiye da ƙarfe.

Ta hanyar amfani da haɗakar halaye daban-daban na amfaninsa kamar ƙarfi, sauƙi, juriya ga tsatsa, sake amfani da shi da kuma tsari, ana amfani da aluminum a cikin aikace-aikacen da ke ƙaruwa koyaushe. Waɗannan samfuran sun kama daga kayan gini har zuwa siririn foil ɗin marufi.

Tsarin Alloy

An fi haɗa aluminum da jan ƙarfe, zinc, magnesium, silicon, manganese da lithium. Ana kuma yin ƙananan ƙari na chromium, titanium, zirconium, gubar, bismuth da nickel kuma ƙarfe koyaushe yana nan a cikin ƙananan adadi.

Akwai ƙarfe sama da 300 da aka yi da ƙarfe, waɗanda ake amfani da su a ko'ina, guda 50. Yawanci ana gane su ta hanyar tsarin adadi huɗu wanda ya samo asali daga Amurka kuma yanzu an yarda da shi a duk duniya. Tebur na 1 ya bayyana tsarin ƙarfe. Ƙwayoyin ƙarfe suna da irin wannan suna kuma suna amfani da tsarin lambobi biyar.

Tebur 1.Alamun da aka yi wa ƙarfe na aluminum.

Ga ƙarfen aluminum da aka ƙera wanda ba a haɗa shi da ƙarfe ba wanda aka sanya wa suna 1XXX, lambobi biyu na ƙarshe suna wakiltar tsarkin ƙarfe. Sun yi daidai da lambobi biyu na ƙarshe bayan ma'aunin adadi lokacin da aka bayyana tsarkin aluminum zuwa mafi kusa da kashi 0.01. Lamba ta biyu tana nuna gyare-gyare a cikin iyakokin ƙazanta. Idan lambar ta biyu sifili ce, tana nuna aluminum mara haɗawa wanda ke da iyakokin ƙazanta na halitta kuma 1 zuwa 9, tana nuna ƙazanta ko abubuwan haɗin gwaiwa.

Ga ƙungiyoyin 2XXX zuwa 8XXX, lambobi biyu na ƙarshe suna gano nau'ikan ƙarfe daban-daban na aluminum a cikin rukunin. Lamba ta biyu tana nuna gyare-gyaren ƙarfe. Lamba ta biyu ta sifili tana nuna ainihin ƙarfe kuma lambobi 1 zuwa 9 suna nuna gyare-gyaren ƙarfe a jere.

Abubuwan Jiki na Aluminum

Yawan Aluminum

Aluminum yana da yawan ƙarfe kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ƙarfe ko jan ƙarfe, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙarfe mafi sauƙi da ake samu a kasuwa. Sakamakon ƙarfinsa da nauyinsa, ya sa ya zama muhimmin kayan gini wanda ke ba da damar ƙara yawan aiki ko tanadin mai ga masana'antun sufuri musamman.

Ƙarfin Aluminum

Tsarkakken aluminum ba shi da ƙarfin tauri mai yawa. Duk da haka, ƙara abubuwan da ke haɗa ƙarfe kamar manganese, silicon, jan ƙarfe da magnesium na iya ƙara ƙarfin aluminum kuma ya samar da ƙarfe mai fasaloli da aka tsara musamman don takamaiman aikace-aikace.

Aluminumya dace da yanayin sanyi. Yana da fa'ida fiye da ƙarfe domin ƙarfinsa yana ƙaruwa tare da raguwar zafin jiki yayin da yake riƙe da tauri. A gefe guda kuma ƙarfe yana yin rauni a yanayin zafi mai ƙanƙanta.

Juriyar Lalata Aluminum

Idan aka fallasa shi ga iska, wani Layer na aluminum oxide yana samuwa kusan nan take a saman aluminum. Wannan Layer yana da kyakkyawan juriya ga tsatsa. Yana da juriya sosai ga yawancin acid amma ba shi da juriya ga alkalis.

Tsarin kwararar zafi na Aluminum

Tsarin wutar lantarki na aluminum ya ninka na ƙarfe sau uku. Wannan ya sa aluminum muhimmin abu ne don sanyaya da dumama kamar na'urorin musanya zafi. Idan aka haɗa shi da rashin guba, wannan yana nufin ana amfani da aluminum sosai a cikin kayan girki da kayan kicin.

Lantarki na Aluminum

Tare da jan ƙarfe, aluminum yana da ƙarfin lantarki mai ƙarfi wanda ya isa ya yi amfani da shi azaman mai sarrafa wutar lantarki. Duk da cewa ƙarfin lantarki na ƙarfe mai sarrafa wutar lantarki da aka saba amfani da shi (1350) kusan kashi 62% ne kawai na jan ƙarfe mai annealed, yana da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na nauyin kuma saboda haka yana iya sarrafa wutar lantarki sau biyu idan aka kwatanta da jan ƙarfe mai nauyin iri ɗaya.

Nunin Aluminum

Daga hasken UV zuwa infra-red, aluminum kyakkyawan mai haskakawa ne na makamashin haske. Hasken da ake gani yana nuna kusan kashi 80% yana nufin ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin kayan haske. Irin waɗannan halayen na haskakawa suna saaluminumya dace a matsayin kayan rufewa don kariya daga hasken rana a lokacin rani, yayin da yake rufewa daga asarar zafi a lokacin hunturu.

Tebur na 2.Properties na aluminum.

Kayan aikin injiniya na Aluminum

Ana iya yin amfani da aluminum sosai ba tare da wata matsala ba. Wannan yana ba da damar samar da aluminum ta hanyar birgima, fitar da shi, zane, injina da sauran hanyoyin injiniya. Haka kuma ana iya jefa shi cikin haƙuri mai yawa.

Ana iya amfani da na'urar haƙa, aikin sanyi da kuma maganin zafi don daidaita halayen aluminum.

Ƙarfin juriya na aluminum mai tsabta yana kusa da 90 MPa amma ana iya ƙara wannan zuwa sama da 690 MPa don wasu ƙarfe masu maganin zafi.

Ma'aunin Aluminum

An maye gurbin tsohon ma'aunin BS1470 da ƙa'idodi tara na EN. An bayar da ƙa'idodin EN a cikin tebur na 4.

Tebur na 4.Ma'aunin EN don aluminum

Ma'aunin EN ya bambanta da tsohon ma'aunin, BS1470 a fannoni masu zuwa:

• Sinadaran sinadarai - ba su canzawa.
• Tsarin lambobi na ƙarfe - ba a canza shi ba.
• Tsarin zafin jiki na ƙarfe masu maganin zafi yanzu ya ƙunshi nau'ikan yanayin zafi na musamman. An gabatar da har zuwa lambobi huɗu bayan T don aikace-aikacen da ba na yau da kullun ba (misali T6151).
• Sifofin zafin jiki ga ƙarfe marasa maganin zafi - yanayin zafi da ake da shi ba ya canzawa amma yanayin zafi yanzu an fayyace shi sosai dangane da yadda aka ƙirƙira shi. Yanayin laushi (O) yanzu shine H111 kuma an gabatar da yanayin zafi na matsakaici H112. Don haɗin 5251 yanzu ana nuna yanayin zafi kamar H32/H34/H36/H38 (daidai da H22/H24, da sauransu). Yanzu an nuna H19/H22 & H24 daban.
• Kayayyakin injiniya - sun kasance iri ɗaya da alkaluman da suka gabata. Dole ne a yi amfani da 0.2% Tabbatar da Damuwa a takaddun shaida na gwaji.
• An ƙara tsaurara juriya zuwa matakai daban-daban.
  

  Maganin Zafi na Aluminum

  Ana iya amfani da nau'ikan hanyoyin magance zafi iri-iri ga ƙarfe na aluminum:

  • Haɗakarwa - kawar da rarrabuwa ta hanyar dumama bayan simintin.
  • Zubar da ruwa - ana amfani da shi bayan aikin sanyi don laushin ƙarfe masu taurare aiki (1XXX, 3XXX da 5XXX).
  • Ruwan sama ko taurarewar shekaru (alloys 2XXX, 6XXX da 7XXX).
  • Maganin zafi kafin tsufa na hazo mai taurare ƙarfe.
  • Murhu don warkar da shafi
  • Bayan maganin zafi, ana ƙara ƙarin bayani ga lambobin da aka ƙayyade.
  • Karin bayani na F yana nufin "kamar yadda aka ƙirƙira".
  • O yana nufin "kayayyakin da aka yi wa ado da fenti".
  • T yana nufin cewa an "maganin zafi".
  • W yana nufin an yi maganin zafi da kayan.
  • H yana nufin ƙarfe marasa maganin zafi waɗanda ake "yin aiki a sanyi" ko "ƙarfafa nau'in".
  • Abubuwan da ba za a iya magancewa da zafi ba su ne waɗanda ke cikin rukunin 3XXX, 4XXX da 5XXX.