Tare da haɓakar aluminum a cikin masana'antun masana'antun walda, da kuma yarda da shi a matsayin kyakkyawan madadin karfe don aikace-aikacen da yawa, akwai ƙarin buƙatu ga waɗanda ke da hannu tare da haɓaka ayyukan aluminum don sanin wannan rukuni na kayan aiki. Don cikakken fahimtar aluminium, yana da kyau a fara ta hanyar sanin tsarin ganowa / tsarin ƙirar aluminium, da yawa aluminium alloys da ke akwai da halayen su.

Tsarin Aluminum Alloy Temper da Tsarin Tsara- A Arewacin Amurka, Ƙungiyar Aluminum Inc. ita ce ke da alhakin rarrabawa da rajistar kayan aikin aluminum. A halin yanzu akwai fiye da 400 na aluminum da aka yi da kayan aiki na aluminum da kuma fiye da 200 na aluminum a cikin nau'i na simintin gyare-gyare da ingots masu rijista tare da Ƙungiyar Aluminum. Iyakar abubuwan haɗin sinadarai na gami ga duk waɗannan allunan da aka yiwa rajista suna ƙunshe a cikin Ƙungiyar AluminumLittafin TealINOWLENE "Dalili na Suferoy da Iyakokin ka'idojin sunadarai don al'adun aluminium da kuma ta hanyar aluminum Aloys" kuma a cikin suLittafin ruwan hodamai suna "Na'urori da Ƙimar Ƙirar Sinadarai don Aluminum Alloys a cikin nau'i na Castings da Ingot. Waɗannan wallafe-wallafen na iya zama da amfani matuƙa ga injiniyan walda yayin haɓaka hanyoyin walda, kuma lokacin da la'akari da sinadarai da haɗin kai tare da fa'ida yana da mahimmanci.

Aluminum alloys za a iya kasafta a cikin da dama kungiyoyin dangane da takamaiman abu ta halaye kamar yadda ta ikon amsa thermal da inji magani da kuma primary alloying kashi kara zuwa ga aluminum gami. Lokacin da muka yi la'akari da tsarin ƙididdigewa / ganowa da aka yi amfani da shi don allo na aluminum, an gano halayen da ke sama. Aluminum da aka yi da simintin gyare-gyare suna da tsarin tantancewa daban-daban. Tsarin da aka yi shine tsarin lambobi 4 kuma simintin gyare-gyaren yana da tsarin wuri mai lamba 3 da 1.

Aikata Alloy Design System- Za mu fara yin la'akari da tsarin gano alloy alloy mai lamba 4. Lambobin farko (Xxxx) yana nuna babban abin haɗawa, wanda aka ƙara zuwa ga al'adar aluminium kuma galibi ana amfani dashi don kwatanta jerin alloy na aluminum, watau jerin 1000, jerin 2000, jerin 3000, har zuwa jerin 8000 (duba tebur 1).

Lambobi ɗaya na biyu (xXxx), idan ya bambanta da 0, yana nuna gyare-gyaren takamaiman gami, da lambobi na uku da na huɗu (xx).XX) lambobi ne na sabani da aka bayar don gano takamaiman gami a cikin jerin. Misali: A cikin alloy 5183, lamba 5 yana nuna cewa yana cikin jerin abubuwan magnesium alloy, 1 yana nuna cewa shine 1.^stgyara ga ainihin alloy 5083, kuma 83 ya gano shi a cikin jerin 5xxx.

Iyakar abin da ke cikin wannan tsarin ƙididdigar allo yana tare da jerin 1xxx jerin allurai na aluminum (aluminum tsantsa) a cikin wannan yanayin, lambobi 2 na ƙarshe suna ba da ƙaramin adadin aluminum sama da 99%, watau Alloy 13.(50)(99.50% mafi ƙarancin aluminum).

TSARIN KYAUTA ALUMINUM ALLOY SYSTEM

Tebur 1

Naɗin Cast Alloy- Tsarin ƙirar simintin simintin gyare-gyare yana dogara ne akan lambobi 3 da ƙari na ƙima xxx.x (watau 356.0). Lambobin farko (XxX

TSARIN TSARA ALUMINUM ALLOY

Table 2

Lambobi na biyu da na uku (xXX.x) lambobi ne na sabani da aka bayar don gano takamaiman gami a cikin jerin. Lambar da ke biye da ma'aunin ƙima yana nuna ko alloy ɗin simintin ne (.0) ko ingot (.1 ko .2). Gabanin babban harafin yana nuna gyare-gyare zuwa takamaiman gami.
Misali: Alloy – A356.0 babban birnin kasar (A)Axxx.x) yana nuna canji na alloy 356.0. lamba 3 (A3xx.x) yana nuna cewa na silicon da jan karfe da/ko jerin magnesium. 56 in (Ax56.0) yana gano gami a cikin jerin 3xx.x, da .0 (Axxx.0) yana nuna cewa simintin siffa ce ta ƙarshe kuma ba ingot ba.

Tsarin Zayyana Aluminum -Idan muka yi la'akari da nau'i-nau'i daban-daban na aluminum gami, za mu ga cewa akwai babban bambance-bambance a cikin halaye da sakamakon aikace-aikace. Batu na farko da za a gane, bayan fahimtar tsarin ganowa, shine cewa akwai nau'ikan aluminum daban-daban guda biyu a cikin jerin da aka ambata a sama. Waɗannan su ne Allunan Aluminum na Heat Treatable (waɗanda za su iya samun ƙarfi ta hanyar ƙari na zafi) da kuma na'urorin Aluminum waɗanda ba za a iya magance su ba. Wannan bambanci yana da mahimmanci musamman idan aka yi la'akari da tasirin walda na baka akan waɗannan nau'ikan kayan biyu.

Jerin 1xxx, 3xxx, da 5xxx da aka ƙera na'urorin aluminium ɗin da ba za a iya magance su ba kuma suna da ƙarfi kawai. Silsilar 2xxx, 6xxx, da 7xxx da aka yi na aluminium ɗin da aka yi ana iya magance zafi kuma jerin 4xxx sun ƙunshi duka abubuwan da za a iya magance zafi da waɗanda ba za a iya magance su ba. 2xx.x, 3xx.x, 4xx.x da 7xx.x simintin simintin gyare-gyare masu zafi ne. Ba a yin amfani da taurara sosai ga simintin gyare-gyare.

Abubuwan da za a iya magance zafi suna samun ingantattun kaddarorin inji ta hanyar tsarin jiyya na thermal, mafi yawan jiyya na thermal shine Magani Zafin Magani da tsufa na Artificial. Magani Heat Jiyya shine tsarin dumama gawa zuwa yanayin zafi mai girma (kusan 990 Deg. F) don sanya abubuwan da aka haɗa ko mahadi cikin bayani. Wannan yana biye da quenching, yawanci a cikin ruwa, don samar da mafi ƙarancin bayani a zafin jiki. Magani zafi magani yawanci yana biye da tsufa. Tsufa ita ce hazo na wani yanki na abubuwa ko mahadi daga madaidaicin bayani don samar da kyawawan kaddarorin.

Abubuwan da ba za a iya magance zafi ba suna samun ingantattun kayan aikin injiniya ta hanyar Hardening Strain. Ƙarƙashin ƙwayar cuta shine hanyar haɓaka ƙarfi ta hanyar aikace-aikacen aikin sanyi.T6, 6063-T4, 5052-H32, 5083-H112.

SIFFOFIN BASIC MAI FUSKA

Table 3

Bugu da ƙari ga ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun zafin jiki, akwai nau'ikan yanki guda biyu, ɗayan yana magana da "H" Temper - Hardening Strain, ɗayan kuma yana magana da "T" Temper - Thermally Treed designation.

Rarraba na H Temper - Taurare Matsayi

Lambobin farko bayan H suna nuna ainihin aiki:
H1– Taurare Kawai.
H2– Matsayi Taurare kuma An Shake Wani Sashe.
H3– Taurare da Matsala.
H4– Nauyi Taurare da Lacquered ko Fenti.

Lambobi na biyu bayan H yana nuna matakin hardening iri:
HX2- Quarter Hard HX4- Half Hard HX6– Uku-Quarter Hard
HX8- Cikakken Hard HX9– Karin wuya

Rarraba T Temper - Jiyya na thermally

T1- Shekaru na dabi'a bayan sanyaya daga tsarin siffa mai girman zafin jiki, kamar extruding.
T2- Cold yayi aiki bayan sanyaya daga tsarin siffanta yanayin zafi mai girma sannan kuma ya tsufa ta dabi'a.
T3- Magani zafi-magani, sanyi aiki da ta halitta tsufa.
T4- Magani zafi-magani da ta halitta tsufa.
T5- tsufa na wucin gadi bayan sanyaya daga tsarin siffa mai girman zafin jiki.
T6- Magani zafi-magani da wucin gadi tsufa.
T7- Magani zafi-magani da daidaitawa (mafi girma).
T8- Magani zafi-magani, sanyi aiki da wucin gadi tsufa.
T9- Magani zafi magani, wucin gadi tsufa da sanyi aiki.
T10- Cold ya yi aiki bayan sanyaya daga tsarin siffanta yanayin zafi mai girma sannan kuma ya tsufa.

Ƙarin lambobi suna nuna sauƙin damuwa.
Misalai:
TX51ya da TXX51– Danniya ya sauƙaƙa ta hanyar mikewa.
TX52ya da TXX52– Matsi da damuwa ta hanyar matsawa.

Aluminum Alloys Da Halayensu- Idan muka yi la'akari da jerin nau'o'in nau'in nau'in nau'i na aluminum da aka yi, za mu fahimci bambance-bambancen su kuma mu fahimci aikace-aikacen su da halaye.

1xxx Series Alloys- (wanda ba za'a iya magance zafi ba - tare da ƙarfin ƙarshe na 10 zuwa 27 ksi) ana kiran wannan jerin a matsayin jerin aluminium mai tsabta saboda ana buƙatar samun mafi ƙarancin aluminum 99.0%. Suna walda. Koyaya, saboda kunkuntar kewayon narkewa, suna buƙatar wasu la'akari don samar da hanyoyin walda masu karɓuwa. Lokacin da aka yi la'akari da ƙirƙira, waɗannan allunan ana zaɓar su ne da farko don juriyar lalatawar su kamar a cikin tankunan sinadarai na musamman da bututu, ko don ingantaccen ƙarfin lantarki kamar a aikace-aikacen mashaya bas. Waɗannan allunan suna da ƙarancin ƙarancin injina kuma ba safai ake la'akari da su don aikace-aikacen tsarin gabaɗaya. Waɗannan galoli na tushe galibi ana welded tare da madaidaicin kayan filler ko tare da 4xxx filler alloys dangane da aikace-aikace da buƙatun aiki.

2xxx Series Alloys- (zafi warkewa - tare da matuƙar ƙarancin ƙarfi na 27 zuwa 62 ksi) waɗannan su ne aluminium / jan ƙarfe (haɗin jan ƙarfe da ke jere daga 0.7 zuwa 6.8%), kuma suna da ƙarfi, manyan kayan aiki masu ƙarfi waɗanda galibi ana amfani da su don aikace-aikacen sararin samaniya da jirgin sama. Suna da kyakkyawan ƙarfi akan yawan zafin jiki. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan allunan ana ɗaukar su ba za'a iya walda su ta hanyar hanyoyin waldawar baka ba saboda raunin da suke da shi ga fashewar zafi da damuwa da lalata; duk da haka, wasu ana waldasu cikin nasara sosai tare da ingantattun hanyoyin waldawa. Waɗannan kayan tushe galibi ana walda su tare da babban ƙarfin 2xxx jerin abubuwan filler waɗanda aka tsara don dacewa da aikinsu, amma ana iya yin wani lokaci tare da jerin filaye na 4xxx waɗanda ke ɗauke da silicon ko silicon da jan karfe, dangane da aikace-aikacen da buƙatun sabis.

3xxx Series Alloys- (wanda ba za'a iya magance zafi ba - tare da ƙarfin ƙarshe na 16 zuwa 41 ksi) Waɗannan su ne aluminium / manganese gami (haɗin manganese wanda ke jere daga 0.05 zuwa 1.8%) kuma suna da matsakaicin ƙarfi, suna da juriya mai kyau, kyakkyawan tsari kuma sun dace. don amfani a yanayin zafi mai tsayi. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fara amfani da su shine tukwane da kwanon rufi, kuma sune manyan abubuwan yau da kullun na masu musayar zafi a cikin motoci da na'urorin lantarki. Matsakaicin ƙarfin su, duk da haka, sau da yawa yana hana la'akari da aikace-aikacen tsari. Waɗannan allunan tushe ana welded tare da 1xxx, 4xxx da 5xxx jerin filler alloys, dangane da takamaiman sinadarai da takamaiman aikace-aikacen da buƙatun sabis.

4xxx Series Alloys- (zafin da za'a iya magancewa da rashin zafi mai zafi - tare da ƙarfin juzu'i na 25 zuwa 55 ksi) Waɗannan su ne aluminium / silicon alloys (haɗin siliki wanda ke jere daga 0.6 zuwa 21.5%) kuma sune kawai jerin waɗanda ke ƙunshe da duka zafin warkewa da waɗanda ba zafi magani gami. Silicon, idan aka ƙara shi da aluminum, yana rage narkewar sa kuma yana inganta yawan ruwan sa idan ya narke. Waɗannan halayen suna da kyawawa don kayan filler da aka yi amfani da su don waldawar fusion da brazing. Saboda haka, wannan jerin gami ana samun galibi azaman kayan filler. Silicon, da kansa a cikin aluminum, ba za a iya magance zafi ba; duk da haka, an tsara adadin waɗannan siliki na siliki don samun ƙarin abubuwan magnesium ko jan ƙarfe, wanda ke ba su damar amsawa da kyau ga maganin zafi. Yawanci, ana amfani da waɗannan galoli masu zafi da za a iya magance su kawai lokacin da abin da aka welded ya kamata a yi masa magani bayan walda.

5xxx Series Alloys- (wanda ba za'a iya magance zafi ba - tare da ƙarfin ƙarshe na 18 zuwa 51 ksi) Waɗannan su ne aluminium / magnesium alloys (haɗin magnesium wanda ke jere daga 0.2 zuwa 6.2%) kuma suna da ƙarfi mafi girma na abubuwan da ba za a iya magance zafi ba. Bugu da ƙari, wannan jerin gwanon yana da sauƙin waldawa, kuma saboda waɗannan dalilai ana amfani da su don aikace-aikace iri-iri kamar ginin jirgi, sufuri, tasoshin matsa lamba, gadoji da gine-gine. Sau da yawa ana yin amfani da kayan haɗin ginin magnesium tare da filler alloys, waɗanda aka zaɓa bayan la'akari da abun ciki na magnesium na kayan tushe, da aikace-aikace da yanayin sabis na ɓangaren welded. Alloys a cikin wannan jerin tare da fiye da 3.0% magnesium ba a ba da shawarar don haɓakar sabis na zafin jiki sama da 150 deg F saboda yuwuwar su don faɗakarwa da kuma rashin ƙarfi na gaba ga lalata lalata. Base alloys tare da ƙasa da kusan 2.5% magnesium galibi ana walda su cikin nasara tare da 5xxx ko 4xxx jerin filler alloys. Bakin alloy 5052 gabaɗaya ana gane shi azaman matsakaicin tushen tushen abun ciki na magnesium wanda za'a iya walda shi tare da 4xxx jerin filler gami. Saboda matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da narkewar eutectic da alaƙa mara kyau kamar kayan aikin walda, ba a ba da shawarar walda kayan a cikin wannan jerin gwanon, wanda ya ƙunshi babban adadin magnesium tare da filaye na 4xxx. Mafi girman kayan tushen magnesium ana welded ne kawai tare da 5xxx filler alloys, wanda gabaɗaya yayi daidai da abun da ke ciki na tushen gami.

6XXX Series Alloys- (ana iya magance zafi - tare da ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfi na 18 zuwa 58 ksi) Waɗannan su ne aluminum / magnesium - silicon alloys (magnesium da silicon ƙari na kusan 1.0%) kuma ana samun su a ko'ina cikin masana'antar kera walda, ana amfani da su galibi a cikin nau'in extrusions, kuma an haɗa su a yawancin sassa na tsarin. Bugu da ƙari na magnesium da silicon zuwa aluminum yana samar da wani fili na magnesium-silicide, wanda ke ba da wannan abu ikon zama zafin bayani da aka bi da shi don ingantaccen ƙarfi. Waɗannan allunan suna da ƙarfi da ƙarfi a zahiri, kuma saboda wannan dalili, bai kamata a yi musu walda ta atomatik ba (ba tare da kayan filler ba). Bugu da ƙari na isasshen adadin kayan filler yayin aikin waldawar arc yana da mahimmanci don samar da dilution na kayan tushe, don haka ya hana matsalar fashewa mai zafi. Ana walda su tare da duka 4xxx da 5xxx kayan filler, ya dogara da aikace-aikacen da buƙatun sabis.

7XXX Series Alloys- (zafi iya magancewa - tare da ƙarfin ƙarshe na 32 zuwa 88 ksi) Waɗannan su ne aluminium / zinc alloys (ƙarin zinc wanda ke jere daga 0.8 zuwa 12.0%) kuma ya ƙunshi wasu mafi girman ƙarfin aluminum gami. Ana amfani da waɗannan allunan a aikace-aikacen manyan ayyuka kamar jirgin sama, sararin samaniya, da gasa kayan wasanni. Kamar jerin gwanon 2xxx, wannan jeri ya ƙunshi alloys waɗanda ake ganin ba su dace da ƴan takara don walda ba, da sauran su, waɗanda galibi ana walda su cikin nasara. Alloys ɗin da aka saba waldawa a cikin wannan jerin, kamar 7005, galibi ana yin welded tare da 5xxx jerin gwanayen filaye.

Takaitawa- Alloys na aluminium na yau, tare da zafinsu daban-daban, sun ƙunshi nau'ikan kayan masana'anta da yawa. Don ingantacciyar ƙirar samfuri da ci gaban hanyoyin walda, yana da mahimmanci a fahimci bambance-bambance tsakanin yawancin gami da ake samu da ayyukansu daban-daban da halayen weldability. Lokacin haɓaka hanyoyin waldawar baka don waɗannan nau'ikan gami daban-daban, dole ne a yi la'akari da takamaiman gami da ake waldawa. Sau da yawa ana cewa waldar arc na aluminum ba shi da wahala, “ya ​​bambanta”. Na yi imani cewa wani muhimmin sashi na fahimtar waɗannan bambance-bambancen shine sanin nau'ikan allurai daban-daban, halayen su, da tsarin gano su.