Masu bincike a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Argonne National Laboratory na Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka (DOE) suna da dogon tarihi na gano sabbin abubuwa a fannin batirin lithium-ion. Yawancin waɗannan sakamakon sun kasance na cathode na batirin, wanda ake kira NMC, nickel manganese da cobalt oxide. Batirin da ke da wannan cathode yanzu yana ba da wutar lantarki ga Chevrolet Bolt.
Masu binciken Argonne sun cimma wani ci gaba a cikin cathodes na NMC. Sabon tsarin ƙaramin ƙwayar cathode na ƙungiyar zai iya sa batirin ya fi ɗorewa da aminci, yana iya aiki a babban ƙarfin lantarki da kuma samar da tsawon lokacin tafiya.
"Yanzu muna da jagora da masana'antun batir za su iya amfani da su don yin kayan cathode masu matsin lamba mai yawa, marasa iyaka," in ji Khalil Amin, Argonne Fellow Emeritus.
"Katodin NMC da ke akwai suna kawo cikas ga aikin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi," in ji mataimakin masanin kimiyyar sinadarai Guiliang Xu. Tare da zagayowar caji da fitar da ruwa, aikin yana raguwa da sauri saboda samuwar tsagewa a cikin ƙwayoyin cathode. Tsawon shekaru da yawa, masu binciken batir suna neman hanyoyin gyara waɗannan tsagewa.
Wata hanya a baya ta yi amfani da ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta masu siffar ƙwallo waɗanda suka ƙunshi ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta. Manyan ƙwayoyin halitta masu siffar ƙwallo suna da siffar polycrystalline, tare da yankunan kristal masu siffofi daban-daban. Sakamakon haka, suna da abin da masana kimiyya ke kira iyakokin hatsi tsakanin ƙwayoyin halitta, wanda zai iya sa batirin ya fashe yayin zagayowar. Don hana wannan, Xu da abokan aikin Argonne sun riga sun ƙirƙiri wani rufin polymer mai kariya a kusa da kowace ƙwayar halitta. Wannan rufin yana kewaye da manyan ƙwayoyin halitta masu siffar ƙwallo da ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta a cikinsu.
Wata hanyar da za a guji irin wannan fashewa ita ce amfani da ƙwayoyin lu'ulu'u guda ɗaya. Na'urar auna ƙwayoyin lantarki ta waɗannan ƙwayoyin ta nuna cewa ba su da iyaka.
Matsalar da ƙungiyar ta fuskanta ita ce cathodes da aka yi da polycrystals mai rufi da lu'ulu'u guda ɗaya har yanzu suna fashewa yayin hawa keke. Saboda haka, sun gudanar da bincike mai zurfi kan waɗannan kayan cathode a Advanced Photon Source (APS) da Center for Nanomaterials (CNM) a Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Argonne ta Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka.
An yi nazarin hasken X-ray daban-daban a kan hannaye biyar na APS (11-BM, 20-BM, 2-ID-D, 11-ID-C da 34-ID-E). Ya bayyana cewa abin da masana kimiyya suka yi zaton lu'ulu'u ne guda ɗaya, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar na'urar duba hasken electron da X-ray microscopy, a zahiri yana da iyaka a ciki. Na'urar duba hasken electron da watsawa ta CNMs ta tabbatar da wannan ƙarshe.
"Lokacin da muka duba yanayin saman waɗannan ƙwayoyin, sun yi kama da lu'ulu'u ɗaya," in ji masanin kimiyyar lissafi Wenjun Liu. â�<“但是，当我们在APS 使用一种称为同步加速器X射线衍射显微镜的技术和其他技术时，我们发现边界隐藏在内部。 â� <“但是 ， 当 在 使用 使用 种 称为 同步 加速器 x 射线 显微镜 的 使用 展发现 边界 隐藏 在。"Duk da haka, lokacin da muka yi amfani da wata dabara da ake kira synchrotron X-ray diffraction microscopy da sauran dabaru a APS, mun gano cewa iyakokin sun ɓoye a ciki."
Abu mafi mahimmanci, ƙungiyar ta ƙirƙiro wata hanya ta samar da lu'ulu'u guda ɗaya ba tare da iyakoki ba. Gwajin ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta tare da wannan cathode guda ɗaya a babban ƙarfin lantarki ya nuna ƙaruwar 25% a cikin ajiyar makamashi a kowace naúrar tare da kusan babu asara a cikin aiki sama da zagayowar gwaji 100. Sabanin haka, cathodes na NMC waɗanda aka haɗa da lu'ulu'u ɗaya ko polycrystals masu rufi sun nuna raguwar ƙarfin aiki daga 60% zuwa 88% a tsawon rayuwa ɗaya.
Lissafin sikelin atomic ya bayyana yadda ake rage karfin cathode. A cewar Maria Chang, wata masaniyar kimiyyar nano a CNM, iyakoki sun fi rasa atom na iskar oxygen lokacin da aka caji batirin fiye da yankunan da ke nesa da su. Wannan asarar iskar oxygen yana haifar da lalacewar zagayowar kwayar halitta.
"Lissafinmu ya nuna yadda iyaka za ta iya haifar da sakin iskar oxygen a matsin lamba mai yawa, wanda zai iya haifar da raguwar aiki," in ji Chan.
Kawar da iyaka yana hana ci gaban iskar oxygen, ta haka ne inganta aminci da kwanciyar hankali na cathode. Ma'aunin juyin halittar iskar oxygen tare da APS da kuma ingantaccen tushen haske a dakin gwaje-gwaje na kasa na Lawrence Berkeley na Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka sun tabbatar da wannan ƙarshe.
"Yanzu muna da jagororin da masana'antun batir za su iya amfani da su don yin kayan cathode waɗanda ba su da iyaka kuma suna aiki a matsin lamba mai yawa," in ji Khalil Amin, Argonne Fellow Emeritus. â�<“该指南应适用于NMC 以外的其他正极材料。 â�<“该指南应适用于NMC 以外的其他正极材料。"Ya kamata a yi amfani da jagororin ga kayan cathode banda NMC."
Wani labarin game da wannan binciken ya bayyana a cikin mujallar Nature Energy. Baya ga Xu, Amin, Liu da Chang, mawallafin Argonne sune Xiang Liu, Venkata Surya Chaitanya Kolluru, Chen Zhao, Xinwei Zhou, Yuzi Liu, Liang Ying, Amin Daali, Yang Ren, Wenqian Xu, Junjing Deng, Inhui Hwang, Chengjun Sun, Tao Zhou, Tao Zhou da Tao Zhou. Masana kimiyya daga Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Wanli Yang, Qingtian Li, da Zengqing Zhuo), Jami'ar Xiamen (Jing-Jing Fan, Ling Huang da Shi-Gang Sun) da Jami'ar Tsinghua (Dongsheng Ren, Xuning Feng da Mingao Ouyang).
Game da Cibiyar Argonne don Kayan Aikin Nanomaterials Cibiyar Nanomaterials, ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin bincike na fasahar nanotechnology guda biyar na Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka, ita ce babbar cibiyar masu amfani da ƙasa don binciken nanoscale daban-daban wanda Ofishin Kimiyya na Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka ke tallafawa. Tare, NSRCs suna samar da tarin kayan aiki masu dacewa waɗanda ke ba masu bincike damar zamani don ƙera, sarrafawa, siffantawa, da kuma yin samfurin kayan aikin nanoscale kuma suna wakiltar mafi girman jarin kayayyakin more rayuwa a ƙarƙashin Shirin Nanotechnology na Ƙasa. NSRC tana cikin Sashen Makamashi na Ƙasa na Amurka da ke Argonne, Brookhaven, Lawrence Berkeley, Oak Ridge, Sandia, da Los Alamos. Don ƙarin bayani game da NSRC DOE, ziyarci https://science​.osti​.gov/User​-Faci​lit​​ies​s​/ ​Us​ er​-Faci​ili​i​ie​​-at​-a​Glance.
Cibiyar Nazarin Hasken Photon ta Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka (APS) a Dakin Gwaji na Ƙasa na Argonne tana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin X-ray mafi inganci a duniya. APS tana ba da hasken X mai ƙarfi ga al'ummar bincike daban-daban a fannin kimiyyar kayan aiki, sinadarai, kimiyyar lissafi mai ƙarfi, kimiyyar rayuwa da muhalli, da kuma binciken da aka yi amfani da shi. Waɗannan hasken X sun dace da nazarin kayan aiki da tsarin halittu, rarraba abubuwa, yanayin sinadarai, maganadisu da na lantarki, da kuma tsarin injiniya mai mahimmanci na kowane iri, daga batura zuwa bututun feshi na mai, waɗanda suke da mahimmanci ga tattalin arzikin ƙasa, fasaha. da jiki Tushen lafiya. Kowace shekara, masu bincike sama da 5,000 suna amfani da APS don buga littattafai sama da 2,000 waɗanda ke bayyana mahimman abubuwan da aka gano da kuma magance mahimman tsarin furotin na halittu fiye da masu amfani da kowace cibiyar bincike ta X-ray. Masana kimiyya da injiniyoyi na APS suna aiwatar da fasahohin zamani waɗanda sune tushen inganta aikin masu haɓaka da tushen haske. Wannan ya haɗa da na'urorin shigarwa waɗanda ke samar da hasken X-ray masu haske sosai waɗanda masu bincike suka yaba, ruwan tabarau waɗanda ke mayar da hankali kan hasken X zuwa 'yan nanometers, kayan aikin da ke haɓaka yadda hasken X-ray ke hulɗa da samfurin da ake nazari a kai, da kuma tattarawa da gudanar da binciken APS Research yana samar da adadi mai yawa na bayanai.
Wannan binciken ya yi amfani da albarkatu daga Advanced Photon Source, wani Cibiyar Masu Amfani da Ofishin Kimiyya na Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka wanda Argonne National Laboratory ke gudanarwa don Ofishin Kimiyya na Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka a ƙarƙashin lambar kwangila DE-AC02-06CH11357.
Dakin gwaje-gwaje na ƙasa na Argonne yana ƙoƙarin magance matsalolin kimiyya da fasaha na cikin gida. A matsayinsa na dakunan gwaje-gwaje na ƙasa na farko a Amurka, Argonne yana gudanar da bincike na asali da na zamani a kusan kowace fanni na kimiyya. Masu binciken Argonne suna aiki tare da masu bincike daga ɗaruruwan kamfanoni, jami'o'i, da hukumomin tarayya, jihohi, da na birni don taimaka musu wajen magance takamaiman matsaloli, haɓaka jagorancin kimiyya na Amurka, da kuma shirya ƙasar don kyakkyawar makoma. Argonne yana ɗaukar ma'aikata daga ƙasashe sama da 60 kuma UChicago Argonne, LLC na Ofishin Kimiyya na Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka ne ke gudanar da shi.
Ofishin Kimiyya na Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka shine babban mai goyon bayan bincike na asali a cikin kimiyyar zahiri, yana aiki don magance wasu daga cikin manyan batutuwa na zamaninmu. Don ƙarin bayani, ziyarci https://energy​.gov/​science​ience.