Masu bincike a Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory suna da dogon tarihin bincike na farko a fannin batir lithium-ion. Yawancin waɗannan sakamakon na cathode baturi ne, wanda ake kira NMC, nickel manganese da cobalt oxide. Baturi mai wannan cathode yanzu yana sarrafa Chevrolet Bolt.
Masu bincike na Argonne sun sami wani ci gaba a cikin NMC cathodes. Sabon tsarin ƴan ƙaramin cathode na ƙungiyar zai iya sa baturin ya fi ɗorewa da aminci, yana iya aiki da ƙarfin ƙarfin gaske da samar da dogon zangon tafiya.
"Yanzu muna da jagora wanda masana'antun batir za su iya amfani da su don yin babban matsin lamba, kayan cathode mara iyaka," Khalil Amin, Argonne Fellow Emeritus.
"NMC cathodes na yanzu suna ba da babbar matsala ga babban aikin wutar lantarki," in ji mataimakin masanin kimiyya Guiliang Xu. Tare da hawan keke na caji, aikin yana raguwa da sauri saboda samuwar fasa a cikin ƙwayoyin cathode. Shekaru da yawa, masu binciken baturi suna neman hanyoyin gyara waɗannan fasa.
Wata hanya a baya ta yi amfani da ƴan ƴan sifofi da suka ƙunshi ƴan ƙarami da yawa. Manya-manyan barbashi masu siffar zobe sune polycrystalline, tare da yanki na crystalline na fuskantar daban-daban. A sakamakon haka, suna da abin da masana kimiyya suka kira iyakokin hatsi tsakanin kwayoyin halitta, wanda zai iya haifar da fashewar baturi a yayin zagayowar. Don hana wannan, abokan aikin Xu da Argonne a baya sun ƙera murfin polymer mai karewa a kusa da kowane barbashi. Wannan shafi yana kewaye da manyan ɓangarorin sikeli da ƙananan barbashi a cikinsu.
Wata hanyar guje wa irin wannan fashewar ita ce amfani da barbashi na crystal guda ɗaya. Ƙwayoyin lantarki na waɗannan barbashi sun nuna cewa ba su da iyaka.
Matsalar ƙungiyar ita ce cathodes da aka yi daga polycrystals masu rufi da lu'ulu'u ɗaya har yanzu suna fashe yayin hawan keke. Saboda haka, sun gudanar da bincike mai zurfi game da waɗannan kayan cathode a Advanced Photon Source (APS) da Cibiyar Nanomaterials (CNM) a Cibiyar Kimiyyar Argonne ta Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka.
An yi nazarin nazarin x-ray iri-iri akan makamai APS guda biyar (11-BM, 20-BM, 2-ID-D, 11-ID-C da 34-ID-E). Sai ya zama cewa abin da masana kimiyya suka yi zaton crystal guda ne, kamar yadda electron da X-ray microscopy suka nuna, yana da iyaka a ciki. Dubawa da watsa microscope na lantarki na CNM ya tabbatar da wannan ƙarshe.
"Lokacin da muka kalli yanayin yanayin halittar wadannan barbashi, sun yi kama da lu'ulu'u daya," in ji masanin kimiyyar lissafi Wenjun Liu. â�<“但是，当我们在APS 使用一种称为同步加速器X界隐藏在内部。 â� <“但是 ， 当 在 使用 使用 种 称为 同步 加速器 x 射线边界 隐藏 在."Duk da haka, lokacin da muka yi amfani da wata dabara mai suna synchrotron X-ray diffraction microscopy da sauran dabaru a APS, mun gano cewa iyakokin suna ɓoye a ciki."
Mahimmanci, ƙungiyar ta haɓaka hanya don samar da lu'ulu'u guda ɗaya ba tare da iyakoki ba. Gwajin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta tare da wannan cathode-crystal cathode a babban ƙarfin lantarki ya nuna karuwar 25% a cikin ajiyar makamashi a kowace juzu'in juzu'i tare da kusan babu asara a cikin aiki sama da zagayowar gwaji 100. Sabanin haka, NMC cathodes wanda ya ƙunshi lu'ulu'u ɗaya na mu'amala da yawa ko polycrystals masu rufi sun nuna raguwar ƙarfin 60% zuwa 88% a tsawon rayuwa guda.
Ƙididdigar ma'auni na atomatik yana bayyana tsarin rage ƙarfin cathode. A cewar Maria Chang, wata masaniyar nanoscientist a CNM, iyakoki sun fi yin asarar atom ɗin oxygen lokacin da ake cajin baturi fiye da wuraren da ke nesa da su. Wannan asarar iskar oxygen yana haifar da lalacewa na sake zagayowar tantanin halitta.
"Lissafin mu ya nuna yadda iyaka zai iya haifar da iskar oxygen da aka saki a babban matsin lamba, wanda zai iya haifar da rage yawan aiki," in ji Chan.
Kawar da iyaka yana hana haɓakar iskar oxygen, don haka inganta aminci da kwanciyar hankali na cyclic na cathode. Ma'aunin juyin halittar Oxygen tare da APS da ingantaccen tushen haske a Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory National sun tabbatar da wannan ƙarshe.
"Yanzu muna da jagororin da masana'antun batir za su iya amfani da su don yin kayan cathode waɗanda ba su da iyaka kuma suna aiki da matsa lamba," in ji Khalil Amin, Argonne Fellow Emeritus. â�<“该指南应适用于NMC 以外的其他正极材料。 â�<“该指南应适用于NMC 以外的其他正极材料。"Dokokin ya kamata su shafi kayan cathode ban da NMC."
Wani labarin game da wannan binciken ya bayyana a cikin mujallar Nature Energy. Baya ga Xu, Amin, Liu da Chang, mawallafin Argonne sune Xiang Liu, Venkata Surya Chaitanya Kolluru, Chen Zhao, Xinwei Zhou, Yuzi Liu, Liang Ying, Amin Daali, Yang Ren, Wenqian Xu, Junjing Deng, Inhui Hwang. Chengjun Sun, Tao Zhou, Ming Du, da Zonghai Chen. Masana kimiyya daga Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Wanli Yang, Qingtian Li, da Zengqing Zhuo), Jami'ar Xiamen (Jing-Jing Fan, Ling Huang da Shi-Gang Sun) da Jami'ar Tsinghua (Dongsheng Ren, Xuning Feng da Mingao Ouyang).
Game da Cibiyar Argonne don Nanomaterials Cibiyar Nanomaterials, ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin bincike na nanotechnology na Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka, ita ce babbar cibiyar masu amfani da ƙasa don binciken nanoscale na tsaka-tsaki wanda Ofishin Kimiyya na Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka ke tallafawa. Tare, NSRCs sun samar da rukunin ƙarin kayan aiki waɗanda ke ba masu bincike damar fasahar zamani don ƙirƙira, sarrafawa, ƙira, da ƙirar kayan nanoscale kuma suna wakiltar mafi girman saka hannun jarin abubuwan more rayuwa a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Nanotechnology na ƙasa. NSRC tana a Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka da ke Argonne, Brookhaven, Lawrence Berkeley, Oak Ridge, Sandia, da Los Alamos. Don ƙarin bayani game da NSRC DOE, ziyarci https://science​.osti.gov/​Us​er​-F er - F a clil it ie s - a-kallo.
Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka Advanced Photon Source (APS) a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Argonne na kasa yana daya daga cikin hanyoyin X-ray mafi inganci a duniya. APS yana ba da haskoki na X-hakƙar ƙarfi ga al'ummar bincike iri-iri a cikin kimiyyar kayan aiki, sunadarai, kimiyar kwayoyin halitta, kimiyyar rayuwa da muhalli, da bincike mai amfani. Wadannan X-ray sun dace don nazarin kayan aiki da tsarin nazarin halittu, rarraba abubuwa, sinadarai, magnetic da jihohin lantarki, da kuma tsarin injiniya na kowane nau'i, daga baturi zuwa man fetur na injector, wadanda suke da mahimmanci ga tattalin arzikin kasa, fasaha. . da jiki Tushen lafiya. Kowace shekara, fiye da masu bincike 5,000 suna amfani da APS don buga fiye da 2,000 wallafe-wallafen da ke ba da cikakkun bayanai masu mahimmanci da kuma magance mafi mahimmancin tsarin furotin na halitta fiye da masu amfani da kowace cibiyar bincike na X-ray. Masana kimiyyar APS da injiniyoyi suna aiwatar da sabbin fasahohi waɗanda ke zama tushen haɓaka ayyukan masu haɓakawa da hanyoyin haske. Wannan ya haɗa da na'urorin shigar da bayanai waɗanda ke samar da hasken X-hasken da masu bincike suka samu daraja, ruwan tabarau waɗanda ke mayar da hankali kan haskoki na X-ray har zuwa nanometer kaɗan, na'urorin da ke haɓaka yadda hasken X-ray ke hulɗa da samfurin da ake nazari, da tattarawa da sarrafa binciken APS. Bincike yana haifar da ɗimbin bayanai masu yawa.
Wannan binciken ya yi amfani da albarkatu daga Advanced Photon Source, Ofishin Ma'aikatar Makamashi na Cibiyar Mai amfani da Kimiyyar Kimiyya ta Amurka wanda Argonne National Laboratory ke gudanarwa don Ofishin Kimiyyar Makamashi na Amurka a ƙarƙashin lambar kwangila DE-AC02-06CH11357.
Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙasa ta Argonne ta yi ƙoƙari don magance matsalolin kimiyya da fasaha na cikin gida. A matsayin dakin gwaje-gwaje na farko na kasa a Amurka, Argonne yana gudanar da bincike mai zurfi da aiki a kusan kowane fannin kimiyya. Masu binciken Argonne suna aiki kafada da kafada da masu bincike daga ɗaruruwan kamfanoni, jami'o'i, da hukumomin tarayya, jihohi, da na gundumomi don taimaka musu warware takamaiman matsaloli, ciyar da jagorancin kimiyyar Amurka gaba, da shirya al'umma don kyakkyawar makoma. Argonne yana ɗaukar ma'aikata daga ƙasashe sama da 60 kuma UChicago Argonne, LLC na Ofishin Kimiyya na Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka ke sarrafa shi.
Ofishin Kimiyya na Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka ita ce babbar mai ba da goyon baya ga bincike na asali a cikin ilimin kimiyyar jiki, wanda ke aiki don magance wasu matsalolin da suka fi damun zamaninmu. Don ƙarin bayani, ziyarci https://energy​.gov/scienceience.